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Nsci > 31-Neuroendocrine > Flashcards

31-Neuroendocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Pituitary gland lies at base of brain in indentation of ___ bone called ___

A

sphenoid bone, sella turcica

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2
Q

anterior pituitary aka

A

adenohypophysis

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3
Q

parts of anterior pituitary

A
  • pars tuberalis
  • pars distalis
  • pars intermedia (vestigial in adult human)
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4
Q

posterior pituitary aka

A

neurohypophysis

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5
Q

parts of posterior pituitary

A
  • infundibular stalk (pit. Stalk)
  • posterior lobe
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6
Q

median eminence aka

A

infundibulum

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7
Q

function of median eminence

A

connection between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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8
Q

posterior pituitary secretes ___ and ___ into systemic circulation

A

vasopression, oxytocin

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9
Q

Vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in ___ neurons in ___ and ___

A

magnocellular, supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei

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10
Q

[Magnocellular/parvocellular] neurons secrete peptides directly into systemic circulation

A

magnocellular

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11
Q

___ and ___ synapse on SON and PVN

A

limbic, solitary nucleus

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12
Q

SON

A

supraoptic nucleus

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13
Q

PVN

A

paraventricular nucleus

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14
Q

vasopressin aka

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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15
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

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16
Q

increased blood osmolality -> …?

A

incr solute (NaCl) -> incr vasopressin ->
(incr. water resorption) and
(incr. vasoconstriction -> incr. blood pressure)

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17
Q

hypovolemia -> …?

A

decr blood volume -> incr. vasopressin ->
(incr. water resorption) and
(incr. vasoconstriction -> incr. blood pressure)

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18
Q

hypotension -> …?

A

decr blood pressure -> incr. vasopressin ->
(incr. water resorption) and
(incr. vasoconstriction -> incr. blood pressure)

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19
Q

suckling -> …?

A

incr oxytocin -> milk ejection

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20
Q

OT

A

oxytocin

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21
Q

uterine stimulation -> …?

A

incr oxytocin -> uterine contraction

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22
Q

orgasm -> …?

A

incr oxytocin -> contraction of sm muscle in external genitalia -> (?) incr sensation (?)

23
Q

Anterior pituitary secretes three families of hormones into systemic circulation. What are they?

A
  • somatomammotropins
  • glycoproteins
  • opiomelanocortin peptides
24
Q

somatomammotropins and their stimuli/effects (x2)

A
  • growth hormone (exercise, stress, sleep -> growth and metabolism)
  • prolactin (suckling, stress -> dev. of mammary tissue and lactation)
25
Q

glycoproteins and their stimuli/effects (x3)

A
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (exposure to cold temps -> incr thyroid secretion -> incr cell metabolism -> heat production)
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (regulated by hypothalamic peptide and gonadal protein inhibin -> required for spermatogenesis or development of ovarian follicle)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH) (regulated by hypothalamic peptide -> required for spermatogenesis / stimulates testosterone (male) or initiates ovulation and stimulates progesterone (female)
26
Q

opiomelanocortin peptides and their stimuli/effects (x2)

A
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (stress -> incr ACTH -> incr release of cortisol from adrenal cortex)
  • beta-endorphin (stress -> opiate-like peptide -> mu receptor)
27
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

28
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

29
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

30
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

31
Q

gonadotropins: examples (x2) and the family they belong to

A

FSH and LH, both are glycoproteins

32
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

33
Q

Hypothalamic releasing factors synthesized in ___

A

parvocellular neurons of anterior pituitary

34
Q

Hypothalamic releasing factors released from nerve terminals into ___

A

hypophyseal portal blood vessels

35
Q

TRH

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

36
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

37
Q

CRH

A

corticotropin-releasing factors

38
Q

GHRH

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone

39
Q

TRH is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

A

excitatory, -> incr in TSH and incr in prolactin

40
Q

GnRH is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

A

excitatory, -> incr in FSH and incr in LH

41
Q

somatostatin is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

A

inhibitory, -> decr in GH

42
Q

CRH is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

A

excitatory, -> incr in ACTH and beta-endorphin

43
Q

dopamine is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

A

inhibitory, -> decr in prolactin

44
Q

GHRH is [excitatory/inhibitory] and causes ___

A

excitatory, -> incr in GH

45
Q

What hormonal changes occur after pituitary stalk section?

A
  • incr in prolactin
  • decr in other pituitary hormones
46
Q

Disorders assocatied with abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary function (x2)

A
  • diabetes insipidus
  • galactorrhea-amenorrhea hyperprolactinemia
47
Q

main mechanism of effects of diabetes insipidus

A

loss of vasopressin secretion

48
Q

etiology of diabetes insipidus

A
  • head trauma (severing pituitary stalk)
  • autoimmune -> destruction of magnocellular neurons
  • ideopathic
49
Q

symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A
  • polyurea (excessive urination)
  • polydipsia (excessive drinking)
50
Q

treatment for diabetes insipidus

A

replace vasopressin w/ analogue that acts on kidneys but not blood vessels

51
Q

symptoms of galactorrhea-amenorrhea hyperprolactinemia

A
  • inappropriate lactation
  • cessation of menstruation (by inhibition of FSH and LH secretion)
52
Q

etiology of galactorrhea-amenorrhea hyperprolactinemia

A

tumor (pituitary microadenoma) -> incr prolactin

53
Q

treatment for galactorrhea-amenorrhea hyperprolactinemia

A
  • give dopamine receptor agonist
  • surgery to remove tumor

Nsci (18 decks)

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