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D & D Exam 2 > Chapter 46 > Flashcards

Chapter 46 Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis
Basement layer
Dermis
Hypodermis

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2
Q

Tinea

A

Fungal infections caused by fungi that proliferate (reproduce) especially due to ideal conditions (moisture and dark and warm)

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3
Q

Capitis

A

tinea of the head

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4
Q

Corporis

A

tinea of the body

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5
Q

Pedis

A

tinea of the foot

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6
Q

Cruris

A

tinea of the groin

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7
Q

Unguium

A

tinea of the nails

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8
Q

S/S of tinea

A

inflammation
irritation
redness

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9
Q

Treatment for superficial fungal infections

A

topical antifungal medications

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10
Q

Candida Albicans

A

yeast
superficial fungal infection
satelite lesions

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11
Q

Satelite regions

A

seen with superficial fungal infections

has a very red ring around inflammation area

harder to see in skin fold because it blends with other satelites

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12
Q

Impetigo

A
  • bacterial infection
  • common
  • highly contagious
  • caused by staph (gram positive bacteria)
  • range from annoying to deadly if it gets into the blood stream
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13
Q

S/S of Impetigo

A
  • lesions
  • honey colored crust
  • itching
  • Excoriated areas
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14
Q

Excoriated

A

reddened and inflammed

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15
Q

Treatment for Impetigo

A

clean and apply a topical antibiotic

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16
Q

Acne vulgaris

A

bacterial infections

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17
Q

Treatment for Acne vulgaris

A

clean

systematic antibiotics i.e. mainly oral tablet but could be iv

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18
Q

S/S of Acne vulgaris

A

lesions
red/raised acne
painful

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19
Q

Cellulitis

A
  • bacterial infection - deeper infection affecting the dermis and subcutaneous
  • can be life threatening if gets into blood flow
  • often on legs
  • needs port of entry because of depth
  • can effect the lymph system which presents as edema
  • more prone to getting subsequent infections
  • can be chronic
  • easier to get once a person has gotten it before and it will be harder to treat
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20
Q

S/S of cellulitis

A
  • affects the dermis and subcutaneous tissue
  • red swollen tender
  • fever erythema (redness and irritation)
  • heat, edema, pain
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21
Q

Treatment for Cellulitis

A

oral and iv antibiotics

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22
Q

verrucae

A
  • Warts
  • Viral infection
  • Keratinocytes are invaded by HPV virus
  • Human papillomavirus = blisters and pain
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23
Q

Treatment for Verrucae

A
  • palliative (pain management/comfort)

- anti-virus early to prevent severity of infection

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24
Q

Herpes simplex type 1

A
  • cold sores
  • fever blisters
  • can get on mouth or genitals
  • spread by respiratory droplets or direct contact with saliva
25
Q

Herpes simplex type 2

A
  • genital herpes
  • can get on mouth or genitals
  • spread on contact
26
Q

Herpes Zoster

A
  • shingles
  • Reactivation of chicken pox virus
  • runs along nerve endings
  • painful and tingly
  • palliative treatment and antiviral as soon as onset
27
Q

Urticaria

A
  • hives

- edematous wheals -extreme itching “epidermal edema”

28
Q

Treatment for urticaria

A

antihistamines like benadryl

29
Q

Atopic dermatitis

A
  • eczema (inflammatory skin disease)
  • often found in children but is a lifetime disease with chronic flair ups
  • Chronic
  • inflamed, dry itchy
30
Q

Treatment for atopic dermatitis

A
  • topical creams

- corticosteroids

31
Q

Angioedema

A
  • severe epidural edema
  • whole body reaction
  • can come from drug induced allergic reactions
32
Q

Papulosquamous dermatoses

A
  • group of disorders characterized by scaly papules and plaques. Uncontrolled keratinocytes are over proliferating.
  • psoriasis
  • usually onset is around 30 y/o
  • Scaling, dry, itchy papules and plaques
  • immune mediated
  • often over joints
  • clear demarcation
33
Q

Ultraviolet radiation injury

A
  • sunburn
  • damages epidermal cells DNA and causes free radical production - cancer
  • Damage to basal layer of epidermis
  • Drugs can also increase photosensitivity
34
Q

First degree burns

A
  • red
  • edema
  • no blister, no necrosis
  • Superficial, partial thickness
  • palliative treatment
35
Q

Second Degree burns

A
  • characterized by the blisters
  • epidermal and superficial dermal necrosis
  • fluid loss
  • pink/red
  • very sensitive to touch
  • air exposure/temperature change hurts
  • blisters can aid in healing
36
Q

Partial thickness 2nd degree burns

A
  • red
  • blister
  • moist
  • epidermis and some of the dermis
37
Q

Full thickness 2nd degree burns

A
  • mottled pink/red, waxy blisters
  • Edema
  • involves entire epidermal and dermal layers
38
Q

Third degree Burns

A
  • doesn’t hurt at first then as it heals it starts to hurt
  • necrosis-deep
  • loss of sensation - damage to nerves
  • heat/fluid loss
  • can cause damage to blood vessels
39
Q

Full thickness 3rd degree burns

A
  • waxy, white or yellow, deep red, black
  • dry, hard, leathery
  • extends into the subcutaneous
  • can also involve muscle and bones
  • thrombosed vessels, vasculature could be involved
  • no pain because those have been damaged
  • Never a pure 3rd degree burn because there is a ring with a 3rd in the center, then 2nd, then 1st
40
Q

4th Degree burn

A
  • involves bone
  • usually leads to amputation
  • edema can be very extensive
41
Q

Things to remember about burns

A
  • degree usually depends on how long exposure was and how hot
  • consider depth and how much (% of body surface) is burnt to determine degree and mortality rate
  • avoid cold water, ideally use warm water
42
Q

Things nurses should focus on with thermal injuries

A
  • loss of fluids
  • loss of defense
  • loss of temperature regulation
  • Challenges the immune system-under stress
  • increases demands on metabolic process (needs lots of calories)
  • possible loss of function of area affected by burn
  • Systematic complications (organ failure b/c no profusion)
43
Q

Hemodynamically unstable

A
  • blood pressure is low, pipes are empty, not profusing organs, HYPOtension
  • most common in children
  • extensive 3rd space loss
  • NEED to push lots of fluid
44
Q

TBSA

A

TOTAL BODY SURFACE AREA

-Rule of 9s
Head
Chest 
Front/Back of each arm
Stomach
Front of each leg
Back of each leg
Upper back
Lower Back

Private parts are 1%

45
Q

Respiratory system dysfunction

A
  • systemic complication of burns

- lung tissue damage from inhaled smoke

46
Q

Hypermetabolic response

A
  • systemic complication of burns

- increased metabolic and nutritional requirements

47
Q

Sepsis

A
  • systemic complication of burns
  • loss of body’s defense
  • Fungal sepsis is extremely hard to treat because there are no systemic anti-fungal medications
48
Q

Decubitus ulcers

A
  • Pressure ulcer
  • # 1 cause is external pressure which decreases blood flow, decreases lymph drainage and when unrelieved, causes ischemic damage
  • caused by: shearing, friction, moisure
49
Q

Shearing

A

sliding one tissue layer over another

50
Q

Friction

A

any area that there can be some rubbing

51
Q

Moisture

A
  • weakens he cell walls of the skin

- increases risk of infection

52
Q

Stage 1 pressure injury

A
  • persistent redness

- non-blanchable skin (pressed on area you won’t get pink area back)

53
Q

Stage 2 pressure injury

A
  • partial thickness
  • loss of epidermis or dermis
  • could look like an abrasion or blister
  • don’t put patient on this side anymore
54
Q

Stage 3 pressure injury

A
  • full thickness skin loss
  • necrosis of fascia
  • risk of sepsis
  • more susceptible to infection
55
Q

Stage 4 pressure injury

A
  • full thickness skin loss

- bone and muscle and tendons

56
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A
  • most common skin cancer
  • neoplasm of the non keratinizing cells of the basal layer of the epidermis
  • slow growing
  • very curable
  • rarely metastasizes
  • found in nivi (moles)
57
Q

Nivi

A

moles

58
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • tumor of the squamous cells
  • intra-epidermal
  • invasive
  • Can penetrate into basal layer and get into lymphatic system
  • can metastasize
  • less common and less deadly than melanoma
59
Q

malignant melanoma

A
  • tumor of the melanocytes
  • worst prognosis of all skin cancers
  • metastasizes quickly
  • can become systemic and kill
  • irregular borders
  • ulcerate/bleeding
  • growth can be vertical and horizontal

D & D Exam 2 (4 decks)

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