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Flashcards in 317 Disorders of the Mediastinum Deck (13)
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1
Q

Contents of the anterior mediastinum?

A

the anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland, the anterior mediastinal lymph nodes, and the internal mammary arteries and veins.

2
Q

Contents of the middle mediastinum?

A

The middle mediastinum contains the heart; the ascending and transverse arches of the aorta; the venae cavae; the brachiocephalic arteries and veins; the phrenic nerves; the trachea, the main bronchi, and their contiguous lymph nodes; and the pulmonary arteries and veins.

3
Q

Contents of the posterior mediastinum?

A

The posterior mediastinum contains the descending thoracic aorta, the esophagus, the thoracic duct, the azygos and hemiazygos veins, and the posterior group of mediastinal lymph nodes.

4
Q

What are the most common lesions in the anterior mediastinum?

A

The most common lesions in the anterior mediastinum are thymomas, lymphomas, teratomatous neoplasms,
and thyroid masses.

5
Q

What are the most common lesions in the medium mediastinum?

A

The most common masses in the middle mediastinum
are vascular masses, lymph node enlargement from metastases or granulomatous disease, and pleuropericardial and bronchogenic cysts.

6
Q

What are the most common lesions in the posterior mediastinum?

A

In the posterior mediastinum, neurogenic tumors, meningoceles, meningomyeloceles, gastroenteric cysts, and esophageal diverticula are commonly found.

7
Q

Biggest causes of acute mediastinitis?

A

Most cases of acute mediastinitis either are due to esophageal perforation or occur after median sternotomy for cardiac surgery.

8
Q

Causes of esophageal rupture?

A

The esophageal rupture can occur spontaneously

or as a complication of esophagoscopy or the insertion of a Blakemore tube.

9
Q

What is the incidence of mediastinitis after median sternotomy?

A

0.4–5.0%

10
Q

Mortality rate of acute mediastinitis?

A

exceeds 20%

11
Q

Causes of chronic mediastinitis?

A

Most cases are due to histoplasmosis or tuberculosis, but

sarcoidosis, silicosis, and other fungal diseases are at times causative.

12
Q

Signs in fibrosing mediastinitis?

A

Those with fibrosing mediastinitis usually have signs of compression of a mediastinal structure such as the superior vena cava or large airways, phrenic or recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, or obstruction of the pulmonary artery or proximal pulmonary veins

13
Q

Mechanisms for the development of pneumomediastinum?

A

three main causes are (1) alveolar rupture with dissection of air into the mediastinum; (2) perforation or rupture of the esophagus, trachea, or main bronchi; and (3) dissection of air from the neck or the abdomen into the mediastinum.