Pharmo Summary

Question 1

indications for carbamazepine?

Answer 1

epilepsy: generalised toni-clonic seizures, and partial/focal seizures
neuropathic pain e.g. trigeminal neuralgia
mood stabiliser in bipolar, prophylaxis if unresponsive to lithium

Question 2

why is monitoring required with clozapine?

Answer 2

risk of agranulocytosis

need FBC

Question 3

how is levonorgestrel thought to work as an emergency contraceptive?

Answer 3

prevent ovulation and fertilisation if intercourse has taken place in the preovulatory phase

Question 4

examples of trials highlighting mortality reduction with statins?

Answer 4

4S total mortality
WOSCOPS
CARE

Question 5

trial highlighting reduction in mortality with use of oseltamivir in influenza?

Answer 5

canadian study

reduction in mortality by 70%, when given up to 64 hrs post 1st presentation of symptoms

Question 6

2 classes of drugs used to treat influenza?

Answer 6

M2 ion channel inhibitors e.g. amantadine, rimantadine

neuraminidase inhibitors e.g. oseltamivir and zanamivir

Question 7

function of phase 1 drug metabolism using CYP450 enzymes?

Answer 7

increase residual charge to increase rate of excretion

Question 8

list 4 clinical outcomes, as identified in clinical trials, influenced by inhaled corticosteroids?

Answer 8

reduction in exacerbations
symptom improvement
improvement in lung function
death prevention

Question 9

what did ACR responses for etanercept indicate? **

Answer 9

combining the disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug methotrexate with etanercept provided a better clinical outcome for ptnts then either methotrexate or etanercept being used alone

Question 10

what 3 reasons are there as to why NSAIDs increase risk of MTX toxicity?

Answer 10

alter plasma protein binding
reduce renal blood flow
reduce renal elimination

Question 11

what did the RALES study show?

Answer 11

spironolactone reduced mortality in heart failure by 30% compared with placebo

Question 12

what is the AIRE study?

Answer 12

acute infarction ramipril efficacy study- the ACEI ramipril reduced all cause mortality compared with placebo

Question 13

what have studies shown looking at beta blockers in heart failure?

Answer 13

reduce all cause mortality compared with placebo

Question 14

what did the SMILE study for symbicort (formoterol and budesonide) show?

Answer 14

fewer ptnts with severe acute exacerbations compared with SABA and LABA
sustained improvement in morning PEFR
less reliever use

Question 15

ultimate measure in trials on cancer chemotherapy?

Answer 15

overall survival

Question 16

what did the ALLHAT study show?

Answer 16

chlorthalidone (a thiazide-related diuretic) is superior at preventing CVD events= fatal CHD and non-fatal MI, compared to each of the treatment drugs studied: calcium channel blocker (amlodipine), ACE inhibitor (lisinopril).