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Praxis > Anatomy/Physiology of The Speech Mechanism > Flashcards

Anatomy/Physiology of The Speech Mechanism Flashcards

0
Q

When an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the blood cells creates the need for oxygen the ________ in the brainstem fires impulses to the respiratory muscles

A

Medulla oblongata

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1
Q

Respiration is made possible by structural framework that includes:

A

The lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum and rib cage

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2
Q

The ______ lung is shorter brighter and bigger than the left long because the liver underneath forces it into a slightly upward direction

A

Right

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3
Q

The trachea is formed of approximately ____ rings of cartilage

A

20

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4
Q

The spinal column consist of ___to ___ individual vertebrae

A

32-33

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5
Q

There are ___ cervical vertebrae

___thoracic vertebrae

___ lumbar vertebrae

____ sacral vertebrae

____ coccygeal vertebrae

A 
7
12
5
5
3-4
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6
Q

The sternum consists of three parts:

A

The manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

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7
Q

The _____ is in the floor of the chest cavity. It is a thick, dome shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from thorax. Because the lungs rest upon it it plays a major role in breathing.

A

Diaphragm

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8
Q

The 11 paired ____________ pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation

A

Internal intercostals

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9
Q

The 11 paired ______ raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation

A

External intercostals

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10
Q

Serrated posterior superior:
Levator costarum brevis:
Locator costarum longis:
External intercostal:

A

ELEVATE rib cage

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11
Q

Pectoralis major:

A

Increases the transverse dimension of the rib cage

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12
Q

Pectoralis minor:

A

Increases the transverse dimension of the rib cage

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13
Q

Levator scapulae:

A

Elevate scapula/supports Neck

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14
Q

Rhomboideus major

Rhomboideus minor

A

Stabilizes shoulder girdle

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15
Q

The two key accessory muscles of the neck are:

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid

2. Trapezius

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16
Q

The sternocleidomastoid elevates the

A

Sternum and thus, indirectly the rib cage

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17
Q

The trapezius controls the…

A

Head and elongates the neck, and thus indirectly influences respiration

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18
Q

Most muscles involved with breathing assist with _____

A

Inhalation

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19
Q

The muscles of expiration include:

A

Latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, internal oblique and quadratus lumborum

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20
Q

Respiration, the process of breathing involving an exchange of gases between an organism and its environment, is necessary for life itself. It is also the foundation of ______

A

Speech

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21
Q

The two primary muscle categories for respiration are:

A

The thoracic muscles of inspiration and the abdominal of muscles of expiration

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22
Q

In addition to producing the sound needed for speech, the larynx has biological functions. These include:

A
  1. Closure of the trachea so that food and other substances do not enter the lungs
  2. Production of the cough reflex to expel foreign substances the accidentally enter the trachea
  3. Closure of the vocal folds to build subglottic pressure necessary for physical tasks such as excretion and lifting heavy items
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23
Q

The larynx is suspended from the __________

A

Hyoid bone

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24
Q

The ___________ forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage

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25
Q

The ________ which some view as the uppermost tracheal ring, is linked with the thyroid cartilage in the paired arytenoid cartilages. It completely surrounds the trachea

A

Cricoid cartilage

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26
Q

The _________ are small, pyramid shaped cartilages connected to the cricoid through the cricoarytenoid joint, which permits sliding in circular movements

A

Arytenoid cartilages

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27
Q

The small cone shaped ______ sit on the apex of the arytenoids. They assist in reducing the laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing. They are located under the mucous membrane that covers the aryepiglottic folds

A

Cuneiform

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28
Q

The cuneiform cartilages serve to…

A

Stiffen or tense the aryepiglottic folds

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29
Q

The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are primarily responsible for

A

Sound production

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30
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the larynx are:

A

Thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid and posterior cricoarytenoid

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31
Q

The thyro arytenoid is divided into two muscle masses:

A

Internal thyrorytenoid

External thyroarytenoid

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32
Q

The ________ is the primary portion of the muscle that vibrates and produces sound. It is generally referred to as the vocalis muscle, or more commonly vocal folds

A

Internal thyroarytenoid

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33
Q

The abductor muscles include:

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, and oblique arytenoid

These muscles act to bring the vocal folds together

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34
Q

The cricothyroid muscle is attached to the cricoid and thyroid Cartilages. It _____ and _______ the vocal folds

A

Lengthens and tenses

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35
Q

Abduction of the vocal folds is accomplished when the __________ contracts

A

PCA (posterior cricoarytenoid)

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36
Q

The primary function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles is

A

To support the larynx and fix its position

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37
Q

The extrinsic laryngeal muscles have one attachment to ______________and One attachment to___________

A

A structure was in the larynx and one attachment to a structure outside the larynx

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38
Q

All extrinsic muscles are attached to the ___________ and serve to lower or raise the position of the larynx within the neck

A

The hyoid bone

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39
Q

The elevators, or suprahyoid muscles, lie _____the hyoid bone. Their primary function is ________ of the larynx. The suprahyoid muscles are:

A

Above; elevation

Digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus and genioglossus

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40
Q

The depressors or infrahyoid muscles lie below the hyoid bone. their primary function is depression of the larynx. the infrahyoid muscles are:

A

Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid

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41
Q

The vocal folds have three layers:

A
  1. The epithelium, or outer cover
  2. The lamina propria, or middle layer
  3. The vocalis muscle or body which provides stability and mass to the vocal fold
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42
Q

There are two other pairs of vocal folds:

A

The aryepiglottic folds and the ventricular or false vocal folds

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43
Q

The aryepiglottic folds are composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoids to the larynx. They separate the _________ from the ________ and help preserve the airway

A

Laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx

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44
Q

The ventricular folds vibrate only a very _____fundamental frequencies and usually do not during phonation in a normal speaker. The ventricular folds compress during such activities as coughing and lifting heavy items.

A

Low

45
Q

The ___________ theory States of the vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds

A

Myoelastic – aerodynamic theory

46
Q

The_______ caused by the increased speed of air passing between the vocal, is the sucking motion of the vocal folds toward one another

A

Bernouli effect

47
Q

The mucosal wave is critical to

A

Vibration of the vocal folds

48
Q

Vocal folds that of been stripped surgically to remove vocal pathologies such as nodules maybe stiff and have difficulty vibrating due to alteration of

A

The normal mucosal wave

49
Q

The primary cortical areas involved in speech and motor control are:

A

Primary motor cortex (area 4)

Broca’s area (area 44)

Somatosensory cortex (areas 1,2,3)

Supplementary motor cortex (area 6)

50
Q

Cranial nerve X the Vagus nerve includes the following primary branches, which innervate the larynx

A

Superior laryngeal nerve which has internal and external branches. Internal branch provides all sensory information to the larynx, and the external branch supplies motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve. Supplies all motor innervation to the interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, Thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. it supplies all sensory information below the vocal folds.

51
Q

Key structures involved in articulation include:

A

Pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, mandible, teeth, tongue, lips, and cheeks

52
Q

_________ is the process by which the voice, or laryngeal tone is modified when some frequency components are dampened and others are enhanced. The resonators that serve to modify Laryngeal tone are:

A

Resonation

Pharynx, nasal cavity, and the oral cavity

53
Q

Only ___ sounds in English are produced with nasal resonance. During the production of those sounds, the soft palate or velum is relaxed and lowered thus there is coupling of the nasal and oral cavities;they are not separated from one another

A

3; /m/, /n/, /ng/

54
Q

The velum ______ and _____\for production of all other consonant sounds in English. During production of those sounds, the velum makes contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. In this way the sounds are produced primarily with oral resonance.

A

Raised and retracted

55
Q

The ______is the primary resonating structure for all English sounds, except M, N, and in NG

A

Oral cavity

56
Q

According to the _______ theory vocal tract is visualized as a series of linked tubes: the oral cavity, the pharynx, and the nasal cavity. These linked tubes provide the variable resonating cavity that helps produce speech.

It states that energy from the vibrating vocal folds (the source) is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract (the filter)

A

Source-filter theory

57
Q

Do you pharyngeal cavity is divided into three segments:

A
  1. The laryngopharynx (which begins immediately superior to the larynx and ends at the base of the tongue) is connected to…
  2. The oropharynx (which extends up to the soft palate and is connected to…)
  3. The nasopharynx which ends where the two nasal cavities begin
58
Q

Most pharyngeal muscles are innervated by cranial nerves ____ and ____via the _________.

A

X and XI

Pharyngeal plexus

59
Q

The soft palate is composed of a number of muscles:

A

levator veli palatini, the palatoglossus, and the palatopharyngeus.

60
Q

Primary elevator of the velum:

A

levator veli palatini

61
Q

Tenses Velum/dilates eustachian tube

A

Tensor veli palatini

62
Q

Elevates and depresses velum

A

Palatoglossus

63
Q

Narrows for Pharyngeal cavity, lowers velum, may assist in elevating larynx

A

Palatopharyngeus

64
Q

The bony hard palate is the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nose. It is part of the ______or paired bones which are the largest in the face and form the entire upper jaw.

A

Maxillae

65
Q

The portion of the maxillary bone that forms most of the hard palate is called the

A

Palatine process

66
Q

The muscles of the mid-level can be categorized as either ________ or _________

A

Elevators or depressors

67
Q

Elevators of the mandible:

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid (protrudes mandible)

68
Q

Depressors of the mandible:

A

Anterior belly of digastric, posterior belly of digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid

69
Q

_____ teeth are temporary teeth that appear in a baby, usually around 6 to 9 months of age. Babies normally have ___ deciduous teeth, 10 ineach arch. Of those 10 four are incisors, two are canine, and four are molar

A

Deciduous

20

70
Q

________ include deviations in the positioning of individual teeth and the shape and relationship of the upper and lower dental arches

A

Malocclusions

71
Q

Anatomically the tongue is divided into four major parts:

A

Tip, blade, dorsum, root

72
Q

The ___ is that the thinnest and most flexible part of the tongue; it plays in important role in articulation

A

Tip

73
Q

The _____ is a small region adjacent to the tip; in resting position the blade is the portion of the tongue that lies just inferior to the alveolar ridge

A

Blade

74
Q

The _____ is the large area of the tongue that lies in contact with both the hard and soft palate

A

Forum

75
Q

The ______connects the mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue. This band of tissue may stabilize the tongue during movement

A

Lingual frenulum

76
Q

Intrinsic tongue muscles:

A

Superior longitudinal muscle, inferior longitudinal muscle, transverse muscles, vertical muscles

77
Q

Extrinsic tongue muscles:

A

Genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus, chondroglossus, palatoglossus

78
Q

Superior longitudinal muscle

Inferior longitudinal muscle

A

Shortens tongue/turns tip upward

Shortens tongue pulls tip downward

79
Q

Transverse muscles

A

Narrow and elongate tongue

80
Q

Vertical muscles

A

Flatten tongue

81
Q

Genioglossus

A

Forms bulk of town, retracts tongue, draws tongue downward, protrude tip

82
Q

Styloglossus

A

Draws tongue up and back

83
Q

Hyoglossus

A

Retracts and depresses tongue

84
Q

Chondroglossus

A

Depresses tongue

85
Q

Palatoglossus

A

Elevates tongue

86
Q

The primary muscle of the lips is…

A

The orbicularis oris

87
Q

The primary muscle of the cheeks is…

A

The buccinator

88
Q

Mentalis

A

Pulls lower lip out, wrinkles and elevates chin

89
Q

Platysma

A

Depresses mandible

90
Q

Risorius

A

Retracts lips at corners

91
Q

Buccinator

A

Constricts oropharynx; moves food onto the grinding surfaces of molars

92
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

Pulls lips down and out to dilate orifice

93
Q

Depressor anguli Oris

A

Helps to press lower and upper lips together

94
Q

Zygomatic minor

A

Elevates upper lip

95
Q

Zygomatic major

A

Retracts and elevates angle of mouth

96
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Pulls lips together, seals lips, serves as a point of insertion for other muscles

97
Q

Levator anguli or is

A

Draws corner of mouth upward and toward medial

98
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

Elevates upper lip

99
Q

levator labii superioris Aleaeque mask

A

Elevates upper lip

100
Q

The cranial nerves mostly involved with innervating the muscles involved in articulation include:

A

V (trigeminal), VII (facial), X (VAGUS), XI (spinal accessory), and XII (hypoglossal)

101
Q

The ponds also called the ________is a round bulging structure that bridges the two halves of the _______

A

Metencephalon

Cerebellum

102
Q

The ponds transmits information relative to ______ from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum

A

movement

103
Q

The medulla also called the ________is the uppermost portion of the spinal cord

A

Myelin cephalon

104
Q

The medulla is very important for ____\production because it contains descending fibers that transmit motor information to several cranial nerve nuclei

A

Speech

105
Q

The reticular activating system is a structure within the midbrain, brainstem, and upper portion of the spinal cord.

It integrates motor impulses flowing out of the brain with sensory impulses flowing into it.

The RAS plays a role in the execution of _____ activity

the RAS is the primary mechanism of _____and ________

it is important and controlling ______cycles

A

Motor

Attention and consciousness

Sleep wake cycles

106
Q

The basal ganglia consists of three nuclear masses:

Together these are called the

A

The globe is pallidus, the putamen, and the caudate nucleus

Corpus striatum

107
Q

The basal ganglia are part of the _________system

A

Extrapyramidal

108
Q

Extrapyramidal system is considered an ___ activation system because motor movements are not directly controlled in the basal ganglia

Lesions in the basal ganglia can result in

A

Indirect

Unusual body postures, dysarthria, changes in body tone, and involuntary and uncontrolled movements

109
Q

Three primary fiber bundle service connections between the brainstem and cerebellum and these are:

A

The superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncle’s

110
Q

The cerebellum is _____ a primary motor integration or initiation center.

The cerebellum regulates ….

Damage to the cerebellum results in…

A

Not

equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine motor movements

Ataxia and ataxic dysarthria

Praxis (2 decks)

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