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Kinesiology > 0-Introduction > Flashcards

0-Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of studying Kinesiology?

A

to understand the FORCES that act on the human body and to manipulate these forces in treatment procedures so that the human performance may be improved and injury prevented

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2
Q

What is Kinetics?

A

FORCES producing motion or maintaining equilibrium

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3
Q

What is Kinematics?

A

Science of motion of bodies in space. Including Movement of a single point on a body

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4
Q

What is a single point on a body also known as?

A

Center of gravity

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5
Q

What is an Open Kinematic Chain OKC?

A

the distal segment moving freely in space and the segments can move independently or not at all

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6
Q

What is a Closed Kinemetic Chain?

A

the distal segment is stationary while the proximal segment moves. The movement of one segment requires all segments to move.

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7
Q

Which is more functional, Closed Kinematic Chain or Open Kinematic Chain?

A

Closed Kinematic Chain

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8
Q

What does Static mean?

A

refers to the bodies at rest or in uniform motion

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9
Q

WHat does Dynamic mean?

A

refers to the bodies that are accelerating or decelerating

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10
Q

What is a FORCE?

A

a VECTOR quantity that may cause a change in movement or direction

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11
Q

What is the force formula?

A

F= m x a

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12
Q

What is a lever?

A

simple machine consisting of a fixed beam or bar which rotates around a fulcrum

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13
Q

What is the 1st class lever?

A

If the forces are on different sides of the COR

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14
Q

What is the 2nd class lever?

A

If the forces are on the same side of the COR and the external force is closer to the COR than the msucle force

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15
Q

What is the 3rd class lever?

A

If the forces are on the same side of the COR and the muscle force is closer to the COR than the external force

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16
Q

What is Torque?

A

describes the ability of a force to create rotation around a fulcrum

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17
Q

What is the Torque formula?

A

t= F x MA

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18
Q

What is a Moment?

A

Similar to torque, describes the ability of a force to create rotation dependent on length and position of MA

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19
Q

What is the basic formula for Moment (M)?

A

M- r x F
r- distance of action
F- Force

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20
Q

What is Moment representing?

A

a Vector that passes through the point of interest

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21
Q

What is the Moment perpendicular to?

A

both the force and distance of vectors

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22
Q

How do you calculate magnitude of the torque?

A

Torque is another term that is synonymous with scalar moment. Therefore the magnitude of a moment/torque is t= r x F x sinΘ

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23
Q

Although there are several different distances that can be used to connect a vector and a point how is calculation of moment calculated?

A

The same moment is calculated no matter which distance is selected.

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24
Q

What are the two types of Displacements?

A

Translatory motion

Rotary motion

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25
Q

What are the three Cartesian Coordinates? and it’s corresponding motions?

A

X-axis/coronal axis (flexion/extension)
Y-axis/vertical axis (IR/ER)
Z-axis/A-P axis (abduction/adduction)

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26
Q

What are the exception to the Cartesian Coordinates rule?

A
  • Hand and Foot= 3rd and 2nd segments. Abd/Add is defined as away from or towards the midline
  • Thumb= Ex/Flex occurs in the frontal plane, Abd/Add occurs in the sagittal plane
  • Wrist= Radial deviation= abduction, Ulnar deviation= adduction
  • Ankle= Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
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27
Q

Sagital plane contains movement around what axis?

A

x-axis

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28
Q

Transverse plane contains movement around what axis?

A

y-axis

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29
Q

Coronal plane contains movement around what axis?

A

z-axis

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30
Q

What is End Feel?

A

resistance felt when joint is moved passively to the end of its range of motion

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31
Q

When end feel, has a motion stopped by contact how is that described?

A

Hard/Bony

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32
Q

When end feel, has a motion limited by ligamentous structures how is that described?

A

Firm/Springy

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33
Q

When end feel, has motion limited by soft tissue how is that described?

A

Soft

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34
Q

When feeling for end feel, prior to the end-range, there is a feel not characteristic of that joint, how is that described?

A

Pathological

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35
Q

When end feel, pain limits motion or absence of resistance is described as what?

A

Empty

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36
Q

All joints (articulations) are comprised of what?

A

connective tissue

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37
Q

Connective tissue is essentially cells suspended in what?

A

extracellular matrix

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38
Q

What type of cells are they composed of?
Cartilage
Ligaments/tendons
Bone

A 
Cartilage= chondroctyes
Ligaments/Tendons= Fibroctyes
Bone= Osteocytes
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39
Q

What are the two component of connective tissue’s Extracellular matrix?

A

Interfibrillar components

Fibrillar components

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40
Q

What is Interfibrillar components’ Ground substances?

A

Water and Proteoglycans (PG)

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41
Q

What does PG stand for in Interfibrillar components’s ground substances?

A

proteoglycans

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42
Q

What is proteoglycans (PG)?

A

hydrophilic, increasing structural integrity of tissues

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43
Q

What are the two Fibrillar components?

A

Collagen and Elastin

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44
Q

What is Collagen?

A

most abundant protein in the human body, provides structural integrity and resists tensile/compressive forces

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45
Q

What is Elastin?

A

Allows fibers to deform under applied force and return to original state when force is removed

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46
Q

What does Ligament connect?

A

bone to bone

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47
Q

Where on the bones does ligament connect to?

A

blends into periosteum and attaches to cortical bone

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48
Q

How does ligament attach to cortical bone?

A

via Sharpey’s fibers

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49
Q

What does the direction of ligament’s fibers dictate?

A

dictates the resistance to tensile foreces

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50
Q

What does Ligament contain more, collagen or elastin?

A

contains more collagen than elastin

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51
Q

What does Tendon connect?

A

Muscle to bone

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52
Q

What part of the muscle and bone does tendons connect?

A

Collagen fibers of the bone and actin filament of the muscle

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53
Q

How is tendons organized?

A

organized into fascicles

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54
Q

What do tendon fascicles contain?

A

collagen, vessels, nerves

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55
Q

In the tendon’s fascicles there are collagen, vessels, and nerves. What are they surrounded by?

A

Endotendon

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56
Q

What are groups of endotendon surrounded by? and it’s function

A

Peritendon which provided protection

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57
Q

In areas where there is high degree of friction, the Peritendon is comprised of synovial sheath and is now known as what?

A

tenosynovium

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58
Q

What is Bursae?

A

fluid filled sacks which help to decrease friction between bone and muscle

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59
Q

What are the three types of Cartilages?

A

1-Hyaline
2-White fibrocartilage
3- Yellow elastic cartilage

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60
Q

What is bone?

A

specialized matrix of minerals with 2 layers: Inner and Outer layer

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61
Q

What is the bone’s Inner layer made up of?

A

Cancellous bone
Trabecular bone
Spongy bone

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62
Q

What is the bone’s Outer layer made up of?

A

Compact bone

Cortical bone

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63
Q

What is an Isotropic material?

A

homogenous in structure, exhibits same properties regardless of where force is applied on the structure

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64
Q

What is an Anisotropic material?

A

hetergenous in structure, mechanical behavior varies depending on where force is applied

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65
Q

In a Load/Deformation Curve, when there is a sharper slope corresponding to increased resistance to deformation that is called what?

A

Stiffness

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66
Q

In a Load/Deformation Curve, when there is a decreased slope corresponding to decreased resistance to deformation that is called what?

A

Compliance

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67
Q

What are the four types of loads/stress?

A

Unloaded
Tension
Compression
Shear

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68
Q

When there is tensile force placed on one side of a lever while compression is placed on the other what is that called?

A

Bending force

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69
Q

When shear forces occurring in the transverse plane what is that called?

A

Torsion

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70
Q

Faster applied force/stress on connective tissue will result in what?

A

cause material to behave in a brittle manner reaching ultimate failure more rapidly

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71
Q

Slower force/stress on connective tissue will result in what?

A

cause material to behave in a ductile manner

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72
Q

What is the combination of elasticity and viscosity found in all human body material called?

A

Viscoelasticity

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73
Q

What is it called when a material returns to original shape when load is removed called?

A

Elasticity

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74
Q

In Elasticity the length change is due to what?

A

proportional to applied force

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75
Q

What is the resistance to flow or deformation called?

A

Viscosity

76
Q

What is Viscosity dependent on?

A

water and PG content

77
Q

When does Viscosity increase and decrease?

A

Decrease with increased temperature or slowly applied force

Increase with decrease temperature and quickly applied force

78
Q

What is Viscosity’s ability ?

A

to dampen forces

79
Q

A permanent change in a structure due to applied loads in the plastic region is called what?

A

Creep

80
Q

Loss of energy in the transition loading to unloading of a structure is called what?

A

Hysteresis

81
Q

PE>KE is due to what?

A

heat production

82
Q

What is the movement of a bony lever called?

A

osteokinematics

83
Q

What is the movement at the level of the joint that allows for optimal congruence during movement called?

A

Arthrokinematics

84
Q

What are some examples of Osteokinematics?

A

Flexion, Extension, etc

85
Q

What are some examples of Arthrokinematics?

A

Roll, Spin, Slide

86
Q

If the convex surface moves on the concave surface, how is the movement of the articular surfaces acting?

A

opposite the direction of the movement of the bone

87
Q

If the concave surface moves on the convex surface, how is the movement of the articular surfaces acting?

A

same direction of the movement of the bone

88
Q

What is it called when joint surfaces match each other perfectly?

A

Close-packed position

89
Q

What does Close-packed position result in?

A

maximum area of surface contact

90
Q

During Close-packed position, How are the following: attachments, capsular structures, joint?

A

Attachment of ligaments: are the furthest apart
Capsular structures: are taut
Joint: is mechanically compressed and most stable

91
Q

When does close-packed position usually occur?

A

during extremes of ROM such as reduced need for muscle activity like standing and gripping objects

92
Q

What is Open/Loose-Packed position?

A

Allows accessory movements like passive translatory movements.

93
Q

What are some open-packed passive translatory movements?

A

distraction
lateral and A-P glides
Rotation

94
Q

Is accessory movement voluntary/involuntary?

A

voluntary

95
Q

During Open/Loose-Packed position, How are the following: ligament, capsule, joint surfaces?

A

Ligament: slack
Capsule: slack
Joint surfaces: can be distracted several millimeters

96
Q

What are the two types of tissues skeletal muscle is composed of?

A

Contractile tissues

Connective tissues

97
Q

Which skeletal tissue is able to develop tension in response to chemical, electrical, and mechanical stimuli?

A

Contractile tissue

98
Q

Which skeletal tissue is able to shorten in length, resulting in movement of bony segments?

A

Contractile tissue

99
Q

Which skeletal tissue is able to develop tension in response to passive loading?

A

Connective Tissue

100
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissues that surround muscle?

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

101
Q

What is a bundle of muscle fibers/cells called?

A

muscle fascicles

102
Q

What are the units smallest to largest that make up muscle?

A 
myofilaments
myofibril
sarcolemma
muscle fiber
Muscle fascicles
Muscle
103
Q

What is muscle fiber surrounded by?

A

sarcolemma

104
Q

Muscle fibers contain smaller contractile units called what?

A

myofibrils

105
Q

What does myofibrils contain?

A

myofilaments

106
Q

What are the protein strands that make up myofilaments?

A

actin

myosin

107
Q

What make up the thin actin protein strands?

A

actin molecules
tropomyosin
troponin

108
Q

What make up the myosin?

A

myosin strand

myosin head

109
Q

What is the area unit or portion of area between Z-lines

A

Sarcomere

110
Q

What make up the Z-line?

A

Endplates that anchors actin

111
Q

What make up the A band?

A

both actin and myosin

112
Q

What make up the I band?

A

only actin filaments

113
Q

What make up the H band?

A

only myosin filaments

114
Q

During contraction what happens to: Z-line, I-band, and H-band?

A

Z-line: move closer together
I-band: becomes narrower
H-band: is eliminated

115
Q

What are the 5 parts of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

A 
Rest
Coupling
Contraction
Recharging
Relaxation
116
Q

What are the 4 events that occur during Rest phase of Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

A

1-myosin heads are uncoupled
2-ATP attaches near the myosin head
3- Troponin covers the active site on actin myofilament
4-Calcium is stored in Sarcoplasmic reticulum

117
Q

What are the 4 events that occur during the Coupling phase of sliding filament theory?

A

1- Action potential forom motor neuron depolarizes Sarcolemma and T-tubules
2-Calcium released from SR
3- Calcium binds with troponin and uncovers active sites on actin filaments
4-Myosin heads couple with active sites to form cross-bridges

118
Q

What are the 3 events that occur during contraction phase of sliding filament theory?

A

1- ATPase enzyme is triggered and breaks down ATP to = ADP+P+energy
2-The release of energy causes transient flexion or ratcheting of the myosin head
3- Action causes the Z-lines to be pulled closer together

119
Q

What are the 3 events that occur during recharging phase of sliding filament theory?

A

1- Myosin head uncouples from active site
2- Rephosphorylation of myosin head
3- Process repeats hundread of times/second

120
Q

What are the 2 events that occur during Relaxation phase of the sliding filament theory?

A

1- Calcium returns to SR

2- Troponin covers active site

121
Q

What is a complete muscular contraction resulting in maximal stimulation of corresponding motor units called?

A

Tetanic contraction or Tetanus

122
Q

“muscle twitch” which may be a single benign twitch or as a result of motor unit pathology is called?

A

Fasciculation

123
Q

What are 4 functions of muscle?

A

1- stability vs mobility
2- Movement of bony lever
3- Maintain static/dynamic postures
4- Assist with body funciton

124
Q

What 6 factors determine muscle function and its force production?

A 
1- Muscle fiber type
2-Motor unit
3- Muscle fiber architecture
4- Force- Velocity Curve
5- Contributions of connective tissue
6- Length-tension relationship
125
Q

Which biological energy system is active at start of all exercise, providing high rate of energy?

A

Phosphagen system

126
Q

Which biological energy system is limited by levels of creatine phosphate stored in muscle?

A

Phosphagen system

127
Q

Which biological energy system is a chemical reaction occurring in cytoplasm?

A

Phosphagen system and Glycolysis

128
Q

Which biological energy system produces lactic acid?

A

Glycolysis

129
Q

Which biological energy system requires molecular oxygen?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

130
Q

Which biological energy system is a chemical reaction that occurs in the mitochondria?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

131
Q

What are 3 types of muscle fiber classifications?

A

1- Type I = slow-twitch oxidative (SO)
2- Type IIa = fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG)
3- Type IIb = fast-twitch glycolytic (FG)

132
Q

How are the number of Type I and Type II fibers appearing determined?

A

genetically determined

133
Q

A Type II b muscle fiber can transform into Type II a muscle fiber how?

A

through specificity of training

134
Q

Stability/postural muscles are primarily what type of muscle fibers?

A

Type I

135
Q

Mobility/Power muscles are primarily what type of muscle fibers?

A

TYpe II

136
Q

Rank the Muscle fiber types from largest to smallest in diameter?

A

Type IIb (FG)> Type IIa (FOG) >Type I (SO)

137
Q

What muscle fibers are colored white?

A

Type IIb (FG)

138
Q

What muscle fibers are colored red?

A 
Type IIa (FOB)
Type 1 (SO)
139
Q

What muscle fibers have sparse capillarity?

A

Type IIb (FG)

140
Q

What muscle fibers have dense capillarity?

A 
Type IIa (FOG)
Type I (SO)
141
Q

Rank the muscle fiber types from highest to lowest amount of myoglobin content?

A

Type I (SO)>Type IIa (FOG)>Type IIb (FG)

142
Q

Which muscle fibers have fast speed of contraction?

A 
Type IIa (FG)
Type IIb (FOG)
143
Q

Which muscle fibers have slow speed of contraction?

A

Type I (SO)

144
Q

Rank the Rate of Fatigue from fast to slow of the muscle fibers?

A

Type IIb > Type IIa > Type I

145
Q

Rank the motor unit size from largest to smallest?

A

Type IIb > Type IIa > Type I

146
Q

Rank the muscle fibers to level of ATPase activity from highest to lowest?

A

Type IIb > Type IIa > Type I

147
Q

Rank the muscle fibers speed of Axon conduction from fastest to slowest?

A

Type IIb > Type IIa > Type I

148
Q

What is a Motor Unit?

A

Motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

149
Q

The muscles of the eye are considered small motor units. What are the 3 factors that make up a small size of motor unit?

A

1- small cell bodies
2- small axon diameter
3- small number of muscle fibers as little as 2-3

150
Q

The muscles of the quad are considered large motor units. What are the 3 factors that make up a large size of motor unit?

A

1- large cell bodies
2- large axon diameter
3- large number of muscle fibers in the thousands

151
Q

What is the size principle of recruitment and why?

A

it means small motor units recruited first because it is less energy expenditure and is a greater efficiency.

152
Q

In adaptations to training research shows that initial strength gain occur when and due to what?

A

first 3-5 weeks due to neural adaptations

153
Q

In adaptations to training after 6-8 weeks of progressive resistance training results in what?

A

muscle Hypertrophy

154
Q

What does muscle hypertrophy mean?

A

increase in cross sectional area

155
Q

Muscle hypertrophy occurs as a result of increase in size and number of what?

A

myofilaments
actin
myosin

156
Q

What causes the increase in size and number of myofilaments, actin, and myosin in muscle hypertrophy?

A

increase is due to overcompensation of protein synthesis during the recovery period to repair cellular damage from resistance training.

157
Q

What does muscle size equate to?

A

PCSA

Physiologic Cross-Sectional Area

158
Q

What is (PCSA) physiologic cross-sectional area directly proportional to?

A

force

159
Q

In Parallel/Strap muscle fiber arrangement how is sarcomeres oriented?

A

sarcomeres are in series

160
Q

In Parallel/Strap muscle fiber arrangement what are it’s 2 benefits?

A

greater ability to shorten

designed to move boney segments through a large ROM

161
Q

In Pennate/Oblique muscle fiber arrangement how is sarcomeres oriented?

A

oblique in arrangement

162
Q

In Pennate/oblique muscle fiber arrangement what is it’s benefits?

A

Transmits greater force to tendon due to increased fiber packing and greater PCSA

163
Q

Angle of Pennation for most muscle fibers are in what angle or less at REST?

A

<30 degrees

164
Q

Angle of Pennation with contraction will be more what? and why?

A

contraction creates a much more oblique creating a greater degree of force.

165
Q

Decrease in force offset by increased fiber packing results in what?

A

increase in PCSA and increased muscle force

166
Q

What does the Force-Velocity Curve determine in muscles?

A

the type of muscle contractions they will perform

167
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle contractions?

A

Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

168
Q

How does Force-Velocity curve interact with each other?

A

They are an inverse relationship.

169
Q

In a Force-Velocity Curve, when is maximum velocity attained?

A

Maximum velocity can only be attained with no force on the muscle. Slower equates to more required force as well.

170
Q

Zero velocity results in what type of muscle contractions?

A

isometric

171
Q

When force increases then plateaus what type of muscle contraction results?

A

eccentric contraction

172
Q

Rank the greatest to least force production of muscle contractions?

A

Eccentric>isometric>Concentric

173
Q

What are the three components of soft tissue?

A

Series Elastic Component (SEC)
Contractile Component (CC)
Parallel Elastic Component (PEC)

174
Q

What percent of muscle normal resting length will result in maximal tension occur?

A

110%

175
Q

Maximal tension occurs when how many cross-bridges are formed and between what structures?

A

Maximal tension occurs when maximal cross-bridges are formed between myofilaments

176
Q

Lengthening of muscle results number of cross-bridges to do what?

A

decrease

177
Q

When interdigitation which interferes with cross-bridge formation results in what?

A

shortening of the muscle length

178
Q

What is an example of CC Contractile Component?

A

muscle

179
Q

What are three examples of PEC Parallel Elastic Component?

A

Perimysium
Sarcolemma
Nerves and Vessels

180
Q

What are 5 classification of muscles?

A 
Agonist
Antagonist
Synergist
Stabilizer
Force Couple
181
Q

What are 4 types of Movement Analysis?

A

Concentric contraction
Eccentric Contraction
Isometric Contraction
Passive Lengthening

182
Q

What does Passive Insufficiency mean?

A

Limitation in ROM as a result of the antagonist muscle

183
Q

What does Active Insufficiency mean?

A

Decrease in the amount of Tension a muscle is able to generate as a result of contraction at either end of the L-T curve

184
Q

What is muscle injury due to?

A

Overuse
Repetitive strain
Acute strain

185
Q

What does aging do with muscle fibers?

A
  • Decrease in overall number of muscle fibers
  • Decrease in number and size of Type II fibers
  • Increase in amount of connective tissue within skeletal muscles

Kinesiology (2 decks)

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