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OAE Test 1 > OAE-Theorists > Flashcards

OAE-Theorists Flashcards

0
Q

Abraham Maslow motivates…

A

Motivation for learning

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1
Q

Abraham Maslow is based…

A

human motivation is based upon a hierarchy of universal needs. These needs motivate individual behavior and lead to a healthy growth and development when satisfied

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2
Q

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A 
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Belonging needs
Esteem needs
Self-actualization
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3
Q

Albert Bandura based on…

A

Self-observation

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4
Q

Albert Bandura terms

A 
Self-response 
judging
Self-regulation
Learning is an acquisition of knowledge
Modeling
Observation learning
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5
Q

Ausubel

A

Subsumption Theory

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6
Q

BF Skinner what to do with bad behavior

A

Extinguish an undesirable behavior (by removing the reinforcer) and replace it with a desirable behavior by reinforcement

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7
Q

BF Skinner terms

A 
Behavior modification
operant conditioning: our reaction to the world
Reinforcing stimulus
Operant
Extinction
Operant conditioning: behaviorism
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8
Q

Bandura’s theory is called…

A

Observational learning theory

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9
Q

Bandura’s step in modeling process

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Reproduction
  4. Motivation
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10
Q

Benjamin Bloom created…

A

Created a taxonomy for categorizing levels of abstraction of questions that commonly occur in education stages

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11
Q

Benjamin Bloom’s taxonomy was made for…

A

His model provides a useful structure in which to categorize questions

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12
Q

Brofenbrenner’s model- which part is the most important? Why?

A

Most important application of his model occurs at the microsystem level, where teachers can provide consistent support for students and their families

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13
Q

Brofenbrenner what kind of psychology?

A

Developmental psychology

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14
Q

Brofenbrenner true or false?

Social and cultural influences and development are not interrelated and not all have an impact on the developing child

A

Social and cultural influences and development are interrelated and all have an impact on the developing child

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15
Q

Brofenbrenner- significant impact between…

A

His model has a significant impact on how teachers interact with students and families

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16
Q

Brofenbrenner’s system

A

Four influences of societal systems:

  1. Macrosystem (family)
  2. Mesosystem (immediate community)
  3. Exosystem (institutional community)
  4. Macrosystem (political/social structure)
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17
Q

Bruner’s what type of theorist?

A

Constructivist theory

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18
Q

Carol Gilliganon vs. kohlberg

A

Question the validity of Kohlberg’s theory because his theory was based almost entirely on studies that used males as subjects

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19
Q

Comenius

A

Pansophism- universal knowledge

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20
Q

Dewey’s idea

A

Learning by doing

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21
Q

Erik Erikson True or false?

Placed emphasis on the interactive nature of development and less on biological factors

A

True

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22
Q

Erik Erikson’s eight stages

A
  1. Trust v. Mistrust
  2. Autonomy versus shame
  3. Initiative versus guilt
  4. Industry versus inferiority
  5. Identity versus confusion
  6. Intimacy versus isolation
  7. Generativity versus stagnation
  8. Integrity versus despair
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23
Q

Erik Erikson- what are the stages characterized by?

A

Eight psychosocial stages that are each characterized by conflict or crisis that influences our social development and reflects their particular culture unique to each individual

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24
Q

Erik Erikson- when does development occur?

A

Development occurs throughout the lifespan and a series of stages with each stage contributing to and being influenced by the one preceding and following it

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25
Q

Erik Erikson- what type of development?

A

Psychosocial development

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26
Q

Erik Erikson- The child’s role

A

Child plays an active role in shaping their development through kinds of experiences they have

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27
Q

Festinger- what did they try to achieve?

A

Cognitive dissonance

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28
Q

Freidrich Froebel- four basic principles of theory

A
  1. Free self-expression
  2. Creativity
  3. Social participation
  4. Motor expression
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29
Q

Ideas of Freidrich Froebel

A

Learning through play, group games, goal-oriented activities, outdoor time

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30
Q

Freidrich Froebel- spiritual mechanism

A

Was the foundation of early learning

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31
Q

Freidrich Froebel true or false?

Strong idealist who’s view of education was closely related to religion

A

Strong idealist who’s view of education was closely related to religion

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32
Q

Freidrich Froebel- founder of…

A

Kindergarten

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33
Q

Freud’s ideas-the levels…

A

Levels of consciousness

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34
Q

Gagne created conditions of…

A

Conditions of learning

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35
Q

Howard Gardner used his idea for…

A

Planning instruction

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36
Q

Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences

A

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

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37
Q

Howard Gardner true or false??

Felt the traditional notion of intelligence, based on I.Q., is a perfect way to measure intelligence.

A

Traditional notion of intelligence, based on IQ, is far too limited

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38
Q

Howard Gardner invented…

A

Multiple intelligences

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39
Q

Jean Piaget true or false??

Proposed that there is a progressive developmental sequence to how a child thinks- four age-related stages

A

True

Proposed that there is a progressive developmental sequence to how a child thinks- four age-related stages

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40
Q

Jean Piaget true or false??

A child’s cognitive performance depends less on which stage of development the child has entered than on the specific task being performed

A

False

A child’s cognitive performance depends more on which stage of development the child has entered than on the specific task being performed

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41
Q

Jean Piaget- what type of development?

A

Cognitive development

42
Q

Jean Piaget-assimilation

A

Assimilating a new object into an old schema

43
Q

Jean Piaget- adaptation

A

“Learning”, includes assimilation and accommodation, a biological process

44
Q

Jean Piaget true or false??

In order for learning to occur, an individual must assimilate new information into existing cognitive structures

A

True

In order for learning to occur, an individual must assimilate new information into existing cognitive structures

45
Q

Jean Piaget- teachers must design lessons to build on…

A

Existing knowledge and abilities

46
Q

Jean Piaget- instruction should encourage…

A

Interaction among peers

47
Q

Jean Piaget- schemas

A

Skill to explore the environment to gain knowledge

48
Q

Jean Piaget created the…

A

Stages of cognitive development

49
Q

Jean Piaget true or false??

Teachers should not plan lessons that take into account the rules that fundamental concepts play in a child’s ability to learn

A

False

Teachers must plan lessons that take into account the rules that fundamental concepts play in a child’s ability to learn

50
Q

Jean Piaget- Educators must plan ________ ____________ curricula that enhance student’s logical and conceptual growth

A

Developmentally appropriate

51
Q

Jean Piaget terms

A 
Accommodation
Assimilation
Disequilibrium
Discontinuous
Egocentric
Scheme
Concrete objects
52
Q

Jean Piaget- accommodation

A

Accommodating and old schema to a new object

53
Q

Jean Piaget- stage 1

A

Sensorimotor stage: birth to two, uses senses and motor abilities to understand the world

54
Q

Jean Piaget- stage 2

A

Preoperational stage: 2 to 7, symbols, creative play, egocentric, center on one aspect of any problem or communication at a time

55
Q

Jean Piaget stage 3

A

Concrete operations stage: 7 to 11, operations refers to a logical operations or principles we use when solving problems, uses conservation

56
Q

Jean Piaget stage 4

A

Formal operations stage: 12+, hypothetical thinking, logical operations and ability to use them in the abstract rather than concrete

57
Q

Jerome Bruner- spiral organization

A

Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student

58
Q

Jerome Bruner- children’s intellectual development follows a ________________ progression through three modes of reasoning that correspond to developmental stages

A

Step-by-step

59
Q

Jerome Bruner- 3 sages of intellectual development

A
  1. Inactive (actions)
  2. Iconic (pictures)
  3. Symbolic (words)
60
Q

Jerome Bruner was all about…

A

Discovery

61
Q

Jerome Bruner true or false??

Developmental growth involves mastering each of these increasingly more complex mode and becoming skilled in translating between each mode

A

True

Developmental growth involves mastering each of these increasingly more complex mode and becoming skilled in translating between each mode

62
Q

Jerome Bruner true or false??

The learners cognitive structure provides ideas in organization to experiences and does not allow the learner to make mental leaps beyond the information given

A

False

The learners cognitive structure provides meaning in organization to experiences and allows the learner to make mental leaps beyond the information given

63
Q

Jerome Bruner true or false??

The learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses, and makes decisions, relying on their schemas are mental models

A

True

The learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses, and makes decisions, relying on their schemas are mental models

64
Q

Jerome Bruner true or false??

Instruction should be designed to give the students exactly what is required, and no more.

A

False

Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and/or fill in the gaps (going beyond the given information)

65
Q

Jerome Bruner true or false??

Instruction should be designed to not take in account the students cultural heritage and family background, particularly when learning is not progressing as well as one might be expected. All children are treated equal, regardless.

A

False

Instruction should be designed to take in account the students cultural heritage and family background, particularly when learning is not progressing as well as one might be expected

66
Q

Jerome Bruner true or false??

A variety of teaching approaches should be used to give student opportunities to construct knowledge in multiple ways

A

True

A variety of teaching approaches should be used to give student opportunities to construct knowledge in multiple ways

67
Q

Jerome Bruner true or false??

Effective curriculum must provide the right way to instruct the students.

A

False

Effective curriculum must provide many opportunities to construct knowledge in multiple ways

68
Q

Jerome Bruner true or false??

Learning is an adaptive process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based on current knowledge

A

True

Learning is an adaptive process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based on current knowledge

69
Q

Jerome Bruner true or false??

Not every concept can be taught to every child at every age. Some children have not reached the level of cognitive development to understand, no matter what way you decide to teach it to them.

A

False

Any concept can be taught effectively and some intellectually honest form the children at any age provided the material is presented in a way that is appropriate for the student

70
Q

Jerome Bruner was a…

A

Constructivist

71
Q

Jerome Bruner felt children learned best through…

A

Inquiry learning

72
Q

Jerome Bruner-readiness

A

Instruction must be concerned with the experiences and contexts that make the student willing and able to learn

73
Q

Who were the three theorists of cognitive development?

A

Jerome Bruner
Jean Piaget
Lev Vygotsky

74
Q

John Dewey had a passion for ______, for educating so that all may share in a common life

A

Democracy

75
Q

John Dewey- education must _____ with and ______ the experience

A

Engage, enlarge

76
Q

John Dewey true or false?

Exploration of logic and reason-and the associated role of educators

A

False

Exploration of thinking and reflection-and the associated role of educators

77
Q

John Dewey true or false??

Concerned with interaction environments for learning

A

True

Concerned with interaction environments for learning

78
Q

John Dewey was all for the children to learn using this learning strategy.

A

Cooperative Learning

79
Q

Kohlberg organized how many stages with how many general statements?

A

6 stages, 3 general levels

80
Q

Kohlberg and Piaget similarities

A

Believed moral understanding is promoted by the same factors that Piaget thought were important for cognitive development

81
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development are _____ and ________.

A

Invariant, universal

82
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A
  1. Preconventional
  2. Conventional
  3. Postconventional/principled
83
Q

Lev Vygotsky is famous for…

A

Zone of proximal development (ZPD) & social development theory

84
Q

Lev Vygotsky’s 3 stages of speech

A
  1. social speech
  2. Egocentric speech
  3. Inner speech
85
Q

Lev Vygotsky had the central role of…

A

Language

86
Q

Lev Vygotsky true and false??

The learning of language is brought about by social processes and language/signs make the thought impossible

A

False

The learning of language is brought about by social processes and language/signs make the thought possible

87
Q

Lev Vygotsky’s preferred teaching styles

A

Scaffolding & direct instruction

88
Q

Lev Vygotsky true and false??

For learning to happen there can’t be an opportunity for the students and the teacher to interact or collaborate

A

False

For learning to happen there must be an opportunity for the students and the teacher to interact or collaborate

89
Q

Lev Vygotsky true or false??

Teacher needs to find a balance between supporting the student and challenging that student to reach beyond the current ability and then encourage students to act independently

A

True

Teacher needs to find a balance between supporting the student and challenging that student to reach beyond the current ability and then encourage students to act independently

90
Q

Lev Vygotsky- _____ is a principle determinant of individual development

A

Culture

91
Q

Lev Vygotsky- social environment and social interactions plan a fundamental role in __________ development

A

Cognitive

92
Q

Lev Vygotsky true or false??

The teacher should interact with students, providing minimum support necessary for students to engage with learning. The teacher should adjust the leek of help in response to each students level of performance

A

True

The teacher should interact with students, providing minimum support necessary for students to engage with learning. The teacher should adjust the leek of help in response to each students level of performance

93
Q

Lev Vygotsky true or false??

The classroom activities should be designed with teacher-directed instruction. Students cannot learn on their own, and need teachers to model everything.

A

False

The classroom activities should be designed to foster group work and student collaboration this will allow students to take on a teaching role with their peers as they master skills at hand

94
Q

Lev Vygotsky true or false??

Believed that what children can do with the assistance of others is even more indicated of their mental development and what they can do alone

A

True

Believed that what children can do with the assistance of others is even more indicated of their mental development and what they can do alone

95
Q

Lev Vygotsky-importance of culture

A

Culture dictates what we learn and how

96
Q

Locke’s Tabule Rasa

A

Students are blank slates

97
Q

Miller’s theory

A

Information processing theory

98
Q

Ivan Pavlov’s theory

A

Classical conditioning-behaviorism

Dog salivating

99
Q

Roger’s experimental learning

A
  1. Academic

2. Experimental

100
Q

Thorndike- connectionism

A

Form of behaviorism

Connections between stimulus and response

101
Q

Watson’s theory

A

Behaviorism: human learning and behavior is by experience NOT biology; behaviors should be observable

102
Q

Wertheimer- Gestalt Theory

A

Ideas can be understood only when seen as part of the bigger picture, important in problem-solving

OAE Test 1 (4 decks)

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