APES Chapter 14

Question 0

plantation agriculture:

Answer 0

growing specialized crops such as bananas, coffee, and cacao in tropical developing countries, primarily for sale to developed countries.

Question 1

industrialized agriculture:

Answer 1

using large inputs of energy from fossil fuels (esp. oil and natural gas), water, fertilizer, and pesticides to produce large quantities of crops and livestock for domestic and foreign sale.

Question 2

traditional subsidence agriculture:

Answer 2

production of enough crops or livestock for a farm family’s survival and, in good tears, a surplus to sell or put aside for hard times.

Question 3

traditional intensive agriculture:

Answer 3

producing enough food for a farm family’s survival and perhaps a surplus that can be sold.This type of agriculture uses higher input of labor, fertilizer, and water than traditional subsistence agriculture.

Question 4

green revolution:

Answer 4

popular term for the introduction of scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain (rice, wheat, maize) that, with high enough input of fertilizer and water, can greatly increase crop yields.

Question 5

desertification:

Answer 5

conversion of rangeland, rain-fed cropland, or irrigated cropland to desertlike land, with a drop in agricultural productivity of 10% or more. It usually is caused by a combination of overgrazing, soil erosion, prolonged drought, and climate change.

Question 6

salinization:

Answer 6

accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth.

Question 7

waterlogging:

Answer 7

saturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so that the water table rises close to the surface.

Question 8

soil-tillage farming:

Answer 8

CHECK

Question 9

conservation-tillage farming:

Answer 9

crop cultivation in which the soil is disturbed little (minimum-tillage farming) or not at all (no-till farming) to reduce soil erosion, lower labor costs, and save energy.

Question 10

terracing:

Answer 10

planting crops on a LONG, STEEP SLOPE that has been converted into a series of broad, nearly level terraces with short vertical drops from one to another that run along the contour of the land to retain water and reduce soil erosion.

Question 11

contour farming:

Answer 11

plowing and planting across the changing slope of land, rather than in straight lines, to help retain water and reduce soil erosion.

Question 12

strip cropping:

Answer 12

planting regular crops and close-growing plants, such as hay or nitrogen-fixing legumes, in alternating rows or bands to help reduce depletion of soil nutrients.

Question 13

cover crops:

Answer 13

the planting of crops such as alfalfa, clover, or rye immediately after harvest to help protect and hold the soil.

Question 14

alley cropping (agroforestry):

Answer 14

planting of crops in strips with rows of trees or shrubs on each side.

Question 15

windbreaks (shelterbelts):

Answer 15

row of trees or hedges planted to partially block wind flow and reduce soil erosion on cultivated land.

Question 16

organic fertilizer:

Answer 16

organic material such as animal manure, green manure, and compost, applied to cropland as a source of plant nutrients.

Question 17

commercial inorganic fertilizer:

Answer 17

commercially prepared mixture of plant nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates, and potassium applied to the soil to restore fertility and increase crop yields.

Question 18

green manure:

Answer 18

freshly cut or still-growing green vegetation that is plowed into the soil to increase the organic matter and humus available to support crop growth.

Question 19

compost:

Answer 19

partially decomposed organic plant and animal matter used as a soil conditioner or fertilizer.

Question 20

crop rotation:

Answer 20

planting a field, or an area of a field, with different crops from year to year to reduce soil nutrient depletion. A plant such as corn, tobacco, or cotton, which removes large amounts of nitrogen from the soil, is planted one year. The next year a legume such as soybeans, which adds nitrogen, is planted.

Question 21

chronic undernutrition:

Answer 21

an ongoing condition suffered by people who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy need.

Question 22

malnutrition:

Answer 22

faulty nutrition, caused by a diet that does not supply an individual with enough protein, essential fats, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients needed for good health.

Question 23

overnutrition:

Answer 23

diet so high in calories, saturated (animal) fats, salt, sugar, and processed foods and so low in vegetables and fruits that the consumer runs high risks of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and other health hazards.

Question 24

rangelands:

Answer 24

land that supplies forage or vegetation (grasses, grasslike plants and shrubs) for grazing and browsing animals and is not intensively managed.

Question 25

pastures:

Answer 25

managed grassland or enclosed meadow that usually is planted with domesticated grasses or other forage to be grazed by livestock.

Question 26

overgrazing:

Answer 26

destruction of vegetation when too many grazing animals feed too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a rangeland or pasture area.

Question 27

overfishing:

Answer 27

harvesting so many fish of a species, especially immature fish, that not enough breeding stock is left to replenish the species and it becomes unprofitable to harvest them.

Question 28

aquaculture:

Answer 28

growing and harvesting of fish and shellfish for human use in freshwater ponds, irrigation ditches, and lakes, or in cages or fenced-in areas of coastal lagoons and estuaries.

Question 29

fish farming:

Answer 29

form of aquaculture in which fish are cultivated in a controlled pond or other environment and harvested when they reach the desired size.

Question 30

fish ranching:

Answer 30

form of aquaculture in which members of a fish species such as salmon are held in captivity for the first few years of their lives, released, and then harvested as adults when they return from the ocean to there freshwater birthplace to spawn.

Question 31

sustainable agriculture:

Answer 31

method of growing crops and raising livestock based on organic fertilizers, soil conservation, water conservation, biological pest control, and minimal use of nonrenewable fossil fuel energy.