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Bio Unit 3 > 3.2 > Flashcards

3.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotes?

A

Most are larger than bacteria and archaea, have membranous organelles, and a cytoskeleton. DNA is in a nucleus that is surrounded by a membrane. Only eukaryotes can be multicellular

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2
Q

What are membranes for eukaryotes?

A

Synapomorphy, they all have it

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3
Q

What are the properties of simple multicellular organisms?

A

Adjacent cells stick together via adhesion molecules. Little to no communication or transfer of resources. Little differentiation, most or all cells retain range of functions including reproduction. Every cell is in contact with external environment.

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4
Q

What do all complex multicellular organisms have?

A

Cell communication and transfer of materials. Differentiation. 3 dimensional structures resulting in cells not in direct contact with the environment

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5
Q

What happens as multicellular organisms get larger?

A

They have more interior cells that are not in contact with the environment

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6
Q

What are the two mechanisms that transport materials in multicellular organisms?

A

Diffusion and osmosis, and bulk transport

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The random motion of molecules, net movement of areas with higher concentration to lower

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8
Q

What is bulk transport?

A

Any means by which molecules move through organisms at rates faster than diffusion

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9
Q

When is diffusion effective?

A

Small distances

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10
Q

Why are some plants that use diffusion small?

A

Diffusion limits the size and shape of organisms so that they can stay in close contact with the environment

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11
Q

True or false: There are organisms that have the cells that require resources near their exterior but have larger interior made up of inactive tissue

A

True, they do exist

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12
Q

What happened as complex organism became larger?

A

Evolution of specialized transport systems for bulk transport enabled the movement of molecules faster across larger distances unlike diffusion

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13
Q

How many times did complex multicellularity evolve in eukaryotic groups?

A

6 times

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14
Q

What are the groups where complex multicellularity evolved?

A

Animals, Green algae that are ancestors of land plants, red algae, brown algae, and fungi twice

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15
Q

Which 3 groups have complex multicellularity?

A

Fungi, land plants, and animals

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16
Q

What are protist?

A

Other eukaryote groups with complex multicellularity scattered among the remaining taxa

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17
Q

What are two characteristics of protists?

A

Can be single celled, or have simple/complex multicellularity. All live in some kind of watery environment

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18
Q

What are some photosynthetic protist?

A

Algae

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19
Q

Which algae groups gave ride to land plants?

A

Green algae

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20
Q

What distinguishes all land plants from green algae?

A

Evolution of water-proof cuticle and pores/stomata. Fertilized egg develops into a multicellular embryo which attached to parents and is protected by them and nourished

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21
Q

What does a cuticle do?

A

Prevents water loss from organism

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22
Q

What do pores/stomata do?

A

Allow gas exchange in photosynthetic tissue

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23
Q

What are the benefits to living on land?

A

More space, sunlight, and CO2 for photosynthesis

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24
Q

What are the four major transformations in LIFE CYCLE and STRUCTURE characterize the evolutionary history of plants?

A

The evolution of alternation of generations
The evolution of vascular plants
The evolution of pollen and seeds
The evolution of the flowers and fruits

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25
What is the first major transformation?
Alternation of generations
26
What two forms do every plant species alternate between?
Haploid gametophyte generation that makes gametes, a diploid sporophyte generation that makes spores
27
How does alternation of generation benefit plants?
Plants can shift between forms that increase variability and are specialized for fertilization, and forms that increase production and are specialized for dispersal
28
What must happen with the gametes from the haploid gametophyte generation?
They must recombine to form new individuals which leads to variability
29
Where did gametophyte evolve and why?
Low to the ground, it can release swimming sperm into the surface layer enhancing fertilization
30
What do the diploid sporophyte generation produce and with what phase?
Different spores by meiosis
31
Why is it important to make different spores from diploid sporophyte generations?
The spores disperse through the air and give plants and advantage in colonizing
32
Where do sporophyte evolve and why?
Taller than gametophyte to produce spores at tip that can easily be carried by the air to different locations
33
How are light nutrients water and CO2 challenges on land?
The resources are in different locations.
34
Where do land plants get water and soil nutrients?
Below the ground
35
Where do land plants get light and CO2?
Above ground
36
Where do land plants get oxygen?
Above and below ground
37
What are the risks for plant cells above ground?
They risk desiccation (drying out)
38
What are the risks for plant cells below ground?
Need food from photosynthesis
39
What does every land plant have to limit water loss?
A cuticle
40
What are bryophytes?
plants that rely solely on diffusion to absorb water.
41
What are properties of bryophytes?
They must remain small and can absorb only surface water. Their cuticle layer is thin, they grow on any wet surface, and they dry out easily
42
What strategy do bryophytes use to survive on land?
Desiccation tolerance
43
What is desiccation tolerance?
Can survive extreme dehydration during dry conditions and recover when conditions are suitable
44
What is the second major transformation?
The evolution of vascular tissue
45
___ plants evolved ___ and ___ as a strategy to avoid ___
Vascular, roots and vascular tissue, desiccation
46
Why are roots important to avoid desiccation?
They pull water from the ground, which means they do not need to grow on wet surfaces
47
What causes the thick cuticles in vascular plants?
The above ground tissue does not need to absorb water, so they have a thick cuticle to prevent drying out
48
What forms the bulk transport system?
Vascular tissue
49
What is a bulk transport mechanism?
They can move water and nutrients faster than diffusion over the longer distances.
50
Which mechanism prevents dryness and how?
The BTM, they move water from non-photosynthetic parts to photosynthetic parts.
51
What is vascular tissue made up of in plants?
Xylem and Phloem
52
What does Cohesion-Tension-Transpiration in xylem do?
Moves water and minerals from tissues with access to water (roots) to tissues without access to water (shoot system above ground)
53
What does the Translocation in phloem do?
Moves sugars from photosynthetic tissues with access to sunlight (Leaves and or stem) to non-photosynthetic tissues (roots, buds, and reproductive systems
54
What is the only way gas can move through plants?
Diffusion
55
What physical benefit does xylem tissue provide?
Rigid support for growing upright on land
56
Why did Xylem evolve?
Early land plants competed for sunlight and space, xylem tissue allowed for more sunlight and space
57
What does lignin do?
Provide structural support
58
What are the solutions to prevent spores and gametes from dying?
Selection favored desiccation-resistant spores with thick walls of sporopollenin produced in sporangia. Gametes were produced in complex, multicellular structures gametangia.
59
What are the solutions to avoid gametes from not getting enough resources?
Plant embryos are retained and receive protection and nourishment from parent
60
What is the third major transformation?
The evolution of pollen and seeds
61
What disadvantages occurred before pollen?
More independence for surface water, need surface water to fertilization, sperm needed to swim to the egg over a short distance.
62
What are pollen grains?
Tiny male gametophytes that are covered with a tough waterproof layer. They produce sperm
63
What does the tube cell nucleus do?
Guides the pollen tube
64
What does the generative cell do?
Divides to form two sperm
65
How are pollen grains carried?
Wind or animals
66
What happens once the pollen arrives to the egg?
They produce sperm and a pollen tube to transfer sperm to the egg.
67
What happened when pollen evolved?
Plants did not require water for fertilization and could fertilize from far distances
68
What did the evolution of pollen and seeds lead to?
Greater independence from surface water
69
Why was water needed before seeds evolved?
To prevent embryos from drying out
70
What does a seed consist of?
The sporophyte embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer
71
How long can seeds survive outside of parent plant?
A long time, 2000 years even
72
What was the fourth major transformation?
The evolution of the flowers and fruits
73
How was pollen dispersed before flowers and fruits?
Through the wind
74
What three things can flowers do?
Protect the female gametophyte, collect or disperse pollen, and attract pollinators
75
What are synapomorphies in land plants to resist desiccation?
Cuticle and pores
76
What is the phylogenetic order of red algae to angiosperms?
Red algae, Green algae, nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
77
What are synapomorphies in land plants related to reproduction?
Complex gametangia, Thick-walled spores, Embryos retained in parent plant, Alternation of generations
78
What are the three land plant groups categorized by reproduction and vascular tissue?
Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes and others), Seedless (spore dispersing) vascular plants, and Seed plants
79
Which plants have gametophyte dominated life-cycles?
Non-vascular plants
80
Which life cycle evolved later?
Sporophyte dominated cycles
81
How long is the gametophyte stage in vascular plants?
small and short lived
82
What are seed plants defined by?
Production of seeds and pollen grains
83
The seed plants are a __phyletic group that consist of the ___ and the ____
Monophyletic, gymnosperms, angiosperms
84
What stage are the gymnosperms and angiosperms in?
sporophyte stage
85
How large is the gametophyte stage?
Small, they retain their spores
86
What two kinds of spores do seeds plant produce to develop into gametophytes?
Male and Female
87
What are gymnosperms?
Non-flowering seed plants
88
What properties do most gymnosperm seeds contain?
Seeds are either exposed or partially exposed to the environment. They usually develop in dry or fleshy cones
89
What are angiosperms?
Seed plants that produce flowers or fruits
90
How do angiosperm seeds develop?
Completely enclosed inside the ovaries of the flower, later to become fruits that enclose seeds

Bio Unit 3 (4 decks)

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