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Bio Unit 3 > 3.2 > Flashcards

3.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotes?

A

Most are larger than bacteria and archaea, have membranous organelles, and a cytoskeleton. DNA is in a nucleus that is surrounded by a membrane. Only eukaryotes can be multicellular

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2
Q

What are membranes for eukaryotes?

A

Synapomorphy, they all have it

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3
Q

What are the properties of simple multicellular organisms?

A

Adjacent cells stick together via adhesion molecules. Little to no communication or transfer of resources. Little differentiation, most or all cells retain range of functions including reproduction. Every cell is in contact with external environment.

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4
Q

What do all complex multicellular organisms have?

A

Cell communication and transfer of materials. Differentiation. 3 dimensional structures resulting in cells not in direct contact with the environment

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5
Q

What happens as multicellular organisms get larger?

A

They have more interior cells that are not in contact with the environment

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6
Q

What are the two mechanisms that transport materials in multicellular organisms?

A

Diffusion and osmosis, and bulk transport

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The random motion of molecules, net movement of areas with higher concentration to lower

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8
Q

What is bulk transport?

A

Any means by which molecules move through organisms at rates faster than diffusion

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9
Q

When is diffusion effective?

A

Small distances

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10
Q

Why are some plants that use diffusion small?

A

Diffusion limits the size and shape of organisms so that they can stay in close contact with the environment

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11
Q

True or false: There are organisms that have the cells that require resources near their exterior but have larger interior made up of inactive tissue

A

True, they do exist

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12
Q

What happened as complex organism became larger?

A

Evolution of specialized transport systems for bulk transport enabled the movement of molecules faster across larger distances unlike diffusion

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13
Q

How many times did complex multicellularity evolve in eukaryotic groups?

A

6 times

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14
Q

What are the groups where complex multicellularity evolved?

A

Animals, Green algae that are ancestors of land plants, red algae, brown algae, and fungi twice

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15
Q

Which 3 groups have complex multicellularity?

A

Fungi, land plants, and animals

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16
Q

What are protist?

A

Other eukaryote groups with complex multicellularity scattered among the remaining taxa

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17
Q

What are two characteristics of protists?

A

Can be single celled, or have simple/complex multicellularity. All live in some kind of watery environment

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18
Q

What are some photosynthetic protist?

A

Algae

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19
Q

Which algae groups gave ride to land plants?

A

Green algae

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20
Q

What distinguishes all land plants from green algae?

A

Evolution of water-proof cuticle and pores/stomata. Fertilized egg develops into a multicellular embryo which attached to parents and is protected by them and nourished

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21
Q

What does a cuticle do?

A

Prevents water loss from organism

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22
Q

What do pores/stomata do?

A

Allow gas exchange in photosynthetic tissue

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23
Q

What are the benefits to living on land?

A

More space, sunlight, and CO2 for photosynthesis

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24
Q

What are the four major transformations in LIFE CYCLE and STRUCTURE characterize the evolutionary history of plants?

A

The evolution of alternation of generations
The evolution of vascular plants
The evolution of pollen and seeds
The evolution of the flowers and fruits

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25
Q

What is the first major transformation?

A

Alternation of generations

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26
Q

What two forms do every plant species alternate between?

A

Haploid gametophyte generation that makes gametes, a diploid sporophyte generation that makes spores

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27
Q

How does alternation of generation benefit plants?

A

Plants can shift between forms that increase variability and are specialized for fertilization, and forms that increase production and are specialized for dispersal

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28
Q

What must happen with the gametes from the haploid gametophyte generation?

A

They must recombine to form new individuals which leads to variability

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29
Q

Where did gametophyte evolve and why?

A

Low to the ground, it can release swimming sperm into the surface layer enhancing fertilization

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30
Q

What do the diploid sporophyte generation produce and with what phase?

A

Different spores by meiosis

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31
Q

Why is it important to make different spores from diploid sporophyte generations?

A

The spores disperse through the air and give plants and advantage in colonizing

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32
Q

Where do sporophyte evolve and why?

A

Taller than gametophyte to produce spores at tip that can easily be carried by the air to different locations

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33
Q

How are light nutrients water and CO2 challenges on land?

A

The resources are in different locations.

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34
Q

Where do land plants get water and soil nutrients?

A

Below the ground

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35
Q

Where do land plants get light and CO2?

A

Above ground

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36
Q

Where do land plants get oxygen?

A

Above and below ground

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37
Q

What are the risks for plant cells above ground?

A

They risk desiccation (drying out)

38
Q

What are the risks for plant cells below ground?

A

Need food from photosynthesis

39
Q

What does every land plant have to limit water loss?

A

A cuticle

40
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

plants that rely solely on diffusion to absorb water.

41
Q

What are properties of bryophytes?

A

They must remain small and can absorb only surface water. Their cuticle layer is thin, they grow on any wet surface, and they dry out easily

42
Q

What strategy do bryophytes use to survive on land?

A

Desiccation tolerance

43
Q

What is desiccation tolerance?

A

Can survive extreme dehydration during dry conditions and recover when conditions are suitable

44
Q

What is the second major transformation?

A

The evolution of vascular tissue

45
Q

___ plants evolved ___ and ___ as a strategy to avoid ___

A

Vascular, roots and vascular tissue, desiccation

46
Q

Why are roots important to avoid desiccation?

A

They pull water from the ground, which means they do not need to grow on wet surfaces

47
Q

What causes the thick cuticles in vascular plants?

A

The above ground tissue does not need to absorb water, so they have a thick cuticle to prevent drying out

48
Q

What forms the bulk transport system?

A

Vascular tissue

49
Q

What is a bulk transport mechanism?

A

They can move water and nutrients faster than diffusion over the longer distances.

50
Q

Which mechanism prevents dryness and how?

A

The BTM, they move water from non-photosynthetic parts to photosynthetic parts.

51
Q

What is vascular tissue made up of in plants?

A

Xylem and Phloem

52
Q

What does Cohesion-Tension-Transpiration in xylem do?

A

Moves water and minerals from tissues with access to water (roots) to tissues without access to water (shoot system above ground)

53
Q

What does the Translocation in phloem do?

A

Moves sugars from photosynthetic tissues with access to sunlight (Leaves and or stem) to non-photosynthetic tissues (roots, buds, and reproductive systems

54
Q

What is the only way gas can move through plants?

A

Diffusion

55
Q

What physical benefit does xylem tissue provide?

A

Rigid support for growing upright on land

56
Q

Why did Xylem evolve?

A

Early land plants competed for sunlight and space, xylem tissue allowed for more sunlight and space

57
Q

What does lignin do?

A

Provide structural support

58
Q

What are the solutions to prevent spores and gametes from dying?

A

Selection favored desiccation-resistant spores with thick walls of sporopollenin produced in sporangia.
Gametes were produced in complex, multicellular structures gametangia.

59
Q

What are the solutions to avoid gametes from not getting enough resources?

A

Plant embryos are retained and receive protection and nourishment from parent

60
Q

What is the third major transformation?

A

The evolution of pollen and seeds

61
Q

What disadvantages occurred before pollen?

A

More independence for surface water, need surface water to fertilization, sperm needed to swim to the egg over a short distance.

62
Q

What are pollen grains?

A

Tiny male gametophytes that are covered with a tough waterproof layer. They produce sperm

63
Q

What does the tube cell nucleus do?

A

Guides the pollen tube

64
Q

What does the generative cell do?

A

Divides to form two sperm

65
Q

How are pollen grains carried?

A

Wind or animals

66
Q

What happens once the pollen arrives to the egg?

A

They produce sperm and a pollen tube to transfer sperm to the egg.

67
Q

What happened when pollen evolved?

A

Plants did not require water for fertilization and could fertilize from far distances

68
Q

What did the evolution of pollen and seeds lead to?

A

Greater independence from surface water

69
Q

Why was water needed before seeds evolved?

A

To prevent embryos from drying out

70
Q

What does a seed consist of?

A

The sporophyte embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer

71
Q

How long can seeds survive outside of parent plant?

A

A long time, 2000 years even

72
Q

What was the fourth major transformation?

A

The evolution of the flowers and fruits

73
Q

How was pollen dispersed before flowers and fruits?

A

Through the wind

74
Q

What three things can flowers do?

A

Protect the female gametophyte, collect or disperse pollen, and attract pollinators

75
Q

What are synapomorphies in land plants to resist desiccation?

A

Cuticle and pores

76
Q

What is the phylogenetic order of red algae to angiosperms?

A

Red algae, Green algae, nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

77
Q

What are synapomorphies in land plants related to reproduction?

A

Complex gametangia, Thick-walled spores, Embryos retained in parent plant, Alternation of generations

78
Q

What are the three land plant groups categorized by reproduction and vascular tissue?

A

Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes and others), Seedless (spore dispersing) vascular plants, and Seed plants

79
Q

Which plants have gametophyte dominated life-cycles?

A

Non-vascular plants

80
Q

Which life cycle evolved later?

A

Sporophyte dominated cycles

81
Q

How long is the gametophyte stage in vascular plants?

A

small and short lived

82
Q

What are seed plants defined by?

A

Production of seeds and pollen grains

83
Q

The seed plants are a __phyletic group that consist of the ___ and the ____

A

Monophyletic, gymnosperms, angiosperms

84
Q

What stage are the gymnosperms and angiosperms in?

A

sporophyte stage

85
Q

How large is the gametophyte stage?

A

Small, they retain their spores

86
Q

What two kinds of spores do seeds plant produce to develop into gametophytes?

A

Male and Female

87
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

Non-flowering seed plants

88
Q

What properties do most gymnosperm seeds contain?

A

Seeds are either exposed or partially exposed to the environment. They usually develop in dry or fleshy cones

89
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Seed plants that produce flowers or fruits

90
Q

How do angiosperm seeds develop?

A

Completely enclosed inside the ovaries of the flower, later to become fruits that enclose seeds

Bio Unit 3 (4 decks)

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