3.2 Flashcards
(17 cards)
what is a defensible space?
clear boundaries determine who has the right to be there and what the rules are. decreases crime rate.
what are the four things defensible spaces lead to
territoriality
- gives sense of ownership, tells outsiders out of bounds
natural surveillance
- allows for easy observation and identification of strangers
image
- building design = impression of safe neighbourhood
surroundings
- neighbourhoods in middle of wider area = crime free zone. Insulated by a ‘moat’ of safely.
- prox to police station could deter
what is CPTED? give 2 examples
crime prevention through environmental design
gated lanes, CCTV
describe how gated lanes prevent crime
- harder to commit crime (target hardening)
- makes people care for the area (broken windows)
- increases sense of territoriality for residents.
- offenders don’t have excuse believed was public.
but: jump over gates, displacement
Describe how CCTV prevents crime
- key surveillance tool used regularly by police in crim inv. (creates evidence to prove guilt or innocence)
- can be disguised so offenders unaware.
- deterrent (but displacement)
- e.g. London Riots 2011, james bulger
(however is very expensive taking money away from police inv)
describe the prison design preventing crime
panopticon - all offenders can be observed by 1 security guard. Don’t know if being watched (self-surveillance)
what theory’s link to CPTED?
situational crime prevention (target hardening, harder to commit crime)
rational choice theory - costs outweigh benefits (more likely to be caught)
describe the contribution of environmental measures in achieving social control
state behavioural tactics
ASBOs
Criminal behaviour orders
token economy
describe how ASBOs lead to social control
Antisocial behavioural order
- a stay away from certain places
- not see/contact harmed people
- stop doing certain activities, e.g. graffiti
if break order - community sentence, fine, prison ip to 5 years
labelling theory:
- labelled with ASBO, leads to secondary deviance through self-fulfilling prophesy.
describe how criminal behaviour orders prevent crime
- given to offender that had caused/ likely to cause harassment/distress.
- court must be satisfied CBO will prevent future offending.
- pos requirements - engage in programme that alters beh (e.g. drug treatment)
- neg requirements - beh restrictions to prevent harassment
- shows up on DBS checks.
describe how token economies prevents future crime
- beh modification through rewarding pos beh and punishing neg beh.
- tokens given for pos beh are exchanged for desired items (e.g. CCTV in cell). Operant cond-rewards reinforce pos beh.
- only effective in prisons, but studies have shows the return to crime is slower
- makes prisoners more manageable in prison - more likely to engage in rehab programmes.
describe how prison rules prevents future crime
- keeps control and prevents further crime occurring.
rules of beh that are prohibited:
- behaving in a way that could offend/threaten/hurt someone
- stops prison staff from doing their job.
- causing damage to prison.
if break rules - caution, privileges taken away (e.g. TV in cell), locked in cell alone for up to 35 days (cellular confinement)
describe how the incentives and earned privileges system reduces offending
- promotes conforming beh through rational choice
- enables people to earn benefits in exchange for responsible beh
- ensures a more disciplined and controlled env. that is safer for staff and prisoners
- reduced risk of self-harm, improved staff-prisoner relationships
privileges earned:
- spend/earn more money
- more visits from fam + friends
- TV in cell
earn by:
- sticking to prison rules
- commitment to rehab
- help other prisoners/staff
describe the contribution of beh tactics in maintaining sc
describe the contribution of institutional tactics used by agencies to achieve social control
describe why agencies may not achieve social control due to gaps in state provisions
resources/funding:
- Budget cuts: between 2010 and 2018: 19% budget cut. 20,000 police officers lost.
- prevents police achieving social control - lack of funding - lack of staff - cases dropped
ppl lose faith in police, less reported
new technology:
- extra burden imposed on crim inv. by digital technology.
2018 - head of CPS - Alison Saunders said CJS unable to cope with huge amounts of data generated by technology
‘one recent rape case where they met on Tinder - it took 600 police hours to go through the digital material’
OR
Liam Allen - computer disc - 40,000 messages pestering him for casual sex
less police available for patrolling/investigating other cases so not effective.
