3.2 Flashcards
(39 cards)
What are the environmental tactics?
- Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)
- Gated lanes
- Prison design
Describe what CPTED is.
- introduced by C. Ray Jeffery in 1971
- he suggested that physical environment influences human behaviour and altering spaces can help deter crime.
Supporting example for CPTED.
Birmingham Bullring Market (BBM)
- had narrow alleyways, poor lighting, and hidden spaces which made theft and drug dealing common.
- improved natural surveillance through opening the space (well lit)
- better access control through a reduction of the number of hidden areas, and entrances and exits planned to direct foot traffic.
- crime rates in the market dropped significantly and visitors felt safer.
How does CPTED achieve social control?
Internal
reinforce positive behaviour - help offenders internalise formal laws
External
natural surveillance (no hidden spots and dark alleyways) - increase fear of punishment as getting caught is more likely (general deterrence)
strengths and weaknesses of CPTED
+1. proactive crime prevention
+2. improves quality of life
+3. promotes sense of ownership
-1. doesn’t work for all crimes - graffiti
-2. can lead to displacement
-3. expensive to implement
What are gated lanes?
installing locked games at entrances to alleyways which restricts access to residents only and prevents crimes like drug dealing
Supporting example for gated lanes.
Cardiff
installed gates in over 200 lanes benefiting over 7000 properties in 2008
crime dropped significantly eg, drug use
reduce fear of crime and restore community confidence
how does gated lanes achieve social control?
Internal
reduce fear of crime and discourage crime
External
physically prevents criminal access and increases surveillance
strengths and weaknesses of gated lanes
+1. reduces crime
+2. increases security
+3. cost effective
-1. crime displacement
-2. ongoing maintenance needs
-3. not a complete solution
three prison designs
- mega-prison (CECOT)
- open prison (Cat D)
- Panopticon prison
mega-prison (CECOT)
El Salvador
harsh punishment and total control
mass incarceration of gang members
holds up to 40,000 prisoners
harsh conditions = no rehabilitation
heavy armed guards - military style enforcement
how does the mega-prison achieve social control?
Internal
n/a
External
constant supervision and overcrowding causes psychological suppression and acts as a general deterrence
open prison (Cat D)
14 in england and wales
rehabilitation and reintegration
live in shared housing units rather than cells
no high walls or barbed wire to emphasise trust
access to community to work, volunteer, or study
how does the open prison achieve social control?
Internal
encourage self discipline and responsibility
External
regular monitoring and threat of returning to closed conditions maintains order
panopticon prison
created by Jeremy Bentham (late 18th century)
surveillance and discipline
single guard observes all prisoners without prisoners knowing if they are being watched (psychological pressure)
cells face watchtower so prisoners always being watched
3 guards each see 96 prisoners
how does the panopticon prison achieve social control?
Internal
regulate own behaviour through fear of constantly being monitored
External
guards maintain power through illusion of constant surveillance
what are the behavioural tactics?
- ASBOs (now called CBOs)
- Token economy
what is an ASBO and what is a CBO?
ASBO - Anti-Social Behaviour Order
under crime and disorder act 1998
designed to stop anti-social behaviour
usually given to repeat offenders
last up to 2 years
if the order is violated, can be given fine or prison
can restrict offender from entering certain areas
criminals saw them as a ‘badge of honour’
CBO - Criminal Behaviour Order
replaced ASBOs
under Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014
issued alongside criminal convictions
if breached, given up to 5 years in prison
restrict access to certain locations
mandatory attendance to rehab programmes
supporting example for ASBOs
ASBO Dave
issued ASBO in 2001 due to 40 seperate arrests for anti-social behaviour before his 16th eg, car crime, violence, racial abuse
banned from entering areas which had very little effect on Dave as he continued to enter these areas
rearrested for other crimes and breaching ASBO - given 12 month custodial sentence in a young offenders institution
how does ASBOs and CBOs achieve social control?
Internal
self discipline - encourage offenders to reflect on their behaviour
building personal responsibility - through rehab programmes (only CBOs)
External
legal consequences if breached (individual deterrence)
surveillance and monitoring (conditions)
strengths and weaknesses of ASBOs and CBOs
+1. quick and accessable
+2. clear restrictions
+3. prevent reoffending
-1. labelling
-2. limited effectiveness
-3. counterproductive
what is token economy
behaviour modification technique
positive reinforcement - rewards and privileges
encourage compliance with rules in prison
eg, attendance to educational programmes = extra visitation time
supporting example of token economy
Feltham Young Offenders Institution (YOI) - west london
historically had high levels of violence so introduced a merit-based system
inmates could earn points for good behaviour which they then exchanged for sweets and chocolates
assaults on staff decreased by 80%
incidents among inmates dropped by 33%
how does token economy achieve social control?
Internal
reward positive behaviour causes inmates to develop self regulation and internalise social norms
External
clear external incentives for inmates to conform, maintaining order
