Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 3.2 - B - Transport In Animals > Flashcards

3.2 - B - Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Define transport

A

The movement of substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste and heat around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system?

A

Double - blood has to flow through the heart twice for each circuit of the body
Single - blood flows through the heart once for each circuit of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 main factors that influence the need for a transport system?

A

Size
SA:V
Level of metabolic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the differences in circulatory system between fish and mammals?

A

Fish have a single circulatory system

Mammals have a double circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What will an effective transport system (3) and an efficient transport system (2) include?

A

Effective - A fluid/medium to carry nutrients, oxygen and waste around the body (blood)
Pump to create pressure that will push the fluid around the body (heart)
Exchange surface that enable substances to enter and exit blood (capillaries)
Efficient - Tubes or vessels to carry the blood by mass flow
2 circuits, one to pick up oxygen the other to deliver it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain what an open circulatory system consists of

A

A heart that pumps blood through short vessels into a large body cavity. The blood bathes the cells and tissues where substances are exchanged with the cells. The blood then returns to the heart through pores called ostla.
Most suitable for smaller organisms (eg. insects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain what a closed circulatory system consists of

A

From the heart, blood is pumped through a series of progressively smaller vessels. Capillaries are where exchange happens. Blood is then returned to the heart through a series of progressively larger vessels. More suitable for larger animals (mammals fish).
The tissue fluid bathes the cells instead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Part of the double circulatory system - carries blood to and from the lungs and heart to become oxygenised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Part of the double circulatory system - carries blood containing oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and removes waste (carbon dioxide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system?

A

Blood can be maintained at a higher pressure in the systematic circuit so it is delivered quicker.
Slightly lower pressure can be maintained in the pulmonary circuit to prevent damage to capillaries of the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define artery

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define arteriole

A

Small blood vessels that distribute blood from an artery to the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define capillary

A

Very small vessels with very thin walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define closed circulatory system

A

One in which the blood is held in vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define open circulatory system

A

One in which the blood is not held in vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define vein

A

Vessels that carry blood back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define venule

A

Small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and lead into the veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define endothelium

A

A tissues that lines the inside of a structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do arteries have more of than veins?

A

Smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is considered the main feature (and difference from arteries) of veins and what is its purpose?

A

Valves to stop them moving backwards due to low pressure in them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give 4 reasons why closed circulatory systems are better than open ones

A

Higher pressure, so blood can flow quicker
More rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients
More rapid removal of carbon dioxide and other wastes
Transport is independent of body movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 layers of an artery wall? Explain their purposes

A

Inner layer - a thin layer of elastic tissue which allows the wall to stretch and recoil
Middle layer - a thick layer of smooth muscle
Outer layer - a relatively thick layer of collagen and elastic tissue. It provides strength to withstand the high pressure, and recoil to maintain the pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is collagen and what does it do?

A

The most abundant protein in the human body. A long, fibrous structural protein that supports tissues and gives structure to individual cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define blood

A

The fluid used to transport materials around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define lymph

A

The fluid held in the lymphatic system, which is a system of tubes that returns excess tissue fluid to the blood system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define oncotic pressure

A

The pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define plasma

A

The fluid portion of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Define tissue fluid

A

The fluid surrounding the cells and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are 3 types of fluid?

A

Blood
Tissue fluid
Lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

List the 9 components that are found in blood

A

Erythrocytes, Neutrophils, Platelets, Large proteins, Glucose, Amino acids, Oxygen
(Some) fats
(Little) carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

List the 7 components found in tissue fluid

A 
Neutrophils
(Some) large proteins
(Some, if any) fats
(Less - respired) glucose
(Less - cells use) amino acids
(Less - respired) oxygen
(More - released) carbon dioxide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

List the 8 components found in lymph

A 
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Fats, Carbon dioxide
(Some) large proteins
(Little) glucose
(Few) amino acids
(Little) oxygen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

List and define the 2 types of valves found in the heart

A

Atrio-ventricular valves - valves between the atria and ventricles, which ensure that blood flows in the correct direction
Semilunar valves - valves that prevent blood re-entering the heart from the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define cardiac muscle

A

Specialised muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 2 types of atrio-ventricular valve, how many flaps are there and where are they found?

A

LA to LV - 2 flaps of tissue - Bicuspid valve

RA to RC - 3 flaps of tissue -Tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Explain the route of blood around the heart, starting with the vena cava

A

From vena cava (inferior and superior) into right atrium then right ventricle, up the pulmonary artery to the lungs, back via pulmonary vein, left atrium then left ventricle, out of aorta to body

38
Q

What do coronary arteries do?

A

Supply blood to the heart muscle

39
Q

What is the name of the wall that separates the 2 sides of heart?

A

Septum

40
Q

Which ventricle has the bigger muscle and why?

A

Left ventricle, blood needs to be pumped the whole way round the body instead of just to the lungs

41
Q

What part of the heart has the thinnest walls and why?

A

Atria - low pressure and doesn’t need to pumped anywhere

42
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The sequence of events in one full beat of the heart

43
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole

44
Q

Explain what happens in diastole

A

Atria and ventricles relax and recoil
Blood flows from veins into atria, meaning pressure in the ventricles is lower than in atria.
Blood flows through open A‐V valves into ventricles.
The volume in the atria and ventricles increase and therefore the pressure in atria and ventricles slowly increases aswell

45
Q

Explain what happens in atrial systole

A

Both atria contract, this causes further increase in pressure in the atria.
Increase in pressure causes blood to be pumped through the open A‐V valves into the ventricles (causing the volume in the ventricles to increase)

46
Q

Explain what happens in ventricular systole

A

When the ventricles are full, they begin to contract (from the apex
upwards)
The pressure in the ventricles increases above the pressure in the atria.
The A‐V valves snap shut which stops blood returning to atria.
At this point the semilunar valves are also shut as the pressure in the
major arteries is higher than in the ventricles.
The pressure in the ventricles increases quickly as the blood can’t escape. When the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the major arteries, the semilunar valves open and the blood is pumped out of the heart due to this pressure.
The volume in the ventricles then drops quickly. This causes pressure to drop in the ventricles, below the pressure of the major arteries which causes semilunar valves to be pushed closed by blood in the arteries and
stop it flowing back into ventricles.

47
Q

When are the atrioventricular valves closed?

A

When the pressure is higher in the ventricles than the atria

48
Q

When are the semilunar valves closed?

A

When the pressure is higher in the major arteries is greater than the pressure in the ventricles

49
Q

What is the purpose of the tendious cords?

A

They stop the valves inverting

50
Q

Explain the “lub-dub” motion

A

The first, louder “lub” is the A-V valves slapping shut

The second, quieter “dub” is the semilunar valves closing

51
Q

Out of the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle, when is the ventricular pressure highest?

A

Ventricular systole

52
Q

Define bradycardia

A

A slow heart rhythm

53
Q

What is an ectopic heartbeat?

A

An extra beat or an early beat of the ventricles

54
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A

A trade that records the electrical activity of the heart

55
Q

Define fibrillation

A

An uncoordinated contraction of the atria and ventricles

56
Q

What is a myogenic muscle?

A

Muscle that can initiate its own contractions

57
Q

Define purkyne tissue

A

It consists of specially adapted muscle fibres that conduct the wave of excitation from the AVN down the septum to the ventricles

58
Q

What is the bundle of His?

A

It transmits impulses from the atrioventricular node, located at the inferior end of the interatrial septum, to the ventricles of the heart. These fibers distribute the impulse to the ventricular muscle.

59
Q

What is the sino-atrial node?

A

The SAN - The heart’s pacemaker. It is a small patch of tissue that sends out waves of electrical excitation at regular intervals in order to initiate contractions

60
Q

Define tachycardia

A

A fast/rapid heart rhythm

61
Q

What does the SAN do and where is it found?

A

Creates a wave of excitation (electrical energy)

The top of the right atrium

62
Q

What does the atrio-ventricular node do and where is it found?

A

The AVN delays the wave of excitation

63
Q

Describe the journey of a wave of excitation

A

SAN across atria to AVN - contract
Pause, down purkuyne tissue to inter-ventricular septum
Moves back up from base (apex) as ventricle contract from the bottom

64
Q

Define sinus rhythm

A

Normal rhythm

65
Q

Define atrial fibrillation

A

Atria besting more frequently than ventricles - no clear P waves

66
Q

What piece of equipment allows us to monitor electrical activity of the heart?

A

An electrocardiogram (ECG)

67
Q

What does the the P wave show?

A

The excitation of the atria

68
Q

What does the QRS complex show?

A

The excitation of the ventricles (ventricular stimulation)

69
Q

What does the T wave show?

A

Diastole

70
Q

Define affinity

A

A strong attraction

71
Q

Define dissociation

A

The breakdown of a molecule into 2 molecules

oxyhaemoglobin into oxygen and haemoglobin

72
Q

Define fetal haemoglobin

A

The type of haemoglobin usually found only in the fetus

73
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

The red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood

74
Q

Where is haemoglobin found?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

75
Q

Explain the structure of haemoglobin

A

A complex protein with 4 subunits (2 alpha minus, 2 beta minus)
Each subunit consists of a polypeptide chain and a haem (non-protein)
The haem groups contain 1 Fe 2+ each which has an affinity for oxygen
Each one can attract and holds 1 oxygen molecule

76
Q

Define partial pressure

A

The amount of pressure exerted by a gas relative to the total pressure exerted by all the gases in the mixture

77
Q

Define oxygen tension

A

Equivalent to the concentration of oxygen in an area e.g. tissues. It
is the proportion of the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases produced by oxygen

78
Q

What is partial pressure measured in?

A

Kilopascals (kPa)

79
Q

What is the graph regarding haemoglobin called?

A

The oxygen dissociation curve

80
Q

How is fetal haemoglobin different from adult haemoglobin and how does this affect the association graph?

A

Fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for a oxygen

Moves to the left

81
Q

Define carbonic anhydrase

A

The enzyme that catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide and water

82
Q

What is a chloride shift?

A

The movement of chloride ions into the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogen-carbonate ions leave the cell

83
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

The effect that extra carbon dioxide has on the haemoglobin, explaining the release of more oxygen

84
Q

Define haemoglobonic acid

A

The compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions

85
Q

Explain the use/association of carbon dioxide in the body

A

5% dissolves in plasma
10% combines with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin
85% in the form of hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO^3-) in the plasma

86
Q

Explain how carbonic acid is formed (part 1)

A

The carbon dioxide in the blood plasma fuses into the erythrocytes and combines with the water.
The reaction is catalysed by the carbonic anhydrase enzyme

87
Q

Explain the process of haemoglobonic acid being formed (part 2)

A

The carbonic acid dissociates to release hydrogen ions and hydrogencarbonate ions.
The hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cell. This is
controlled by the chloride shift.
Meanwhile, the oxyhemoglobin dissociates due to low partial pressure. The oxygen is released into the blood plasma and the haemoglobin reacts with the hydrogen to form haemoglobonic acid

88
Q

How do hydrogen ions impact conditions in red blood cells and what prevents this effect?

A

It makes it acidic

The chloride shift

89
Q

What is a conformational change?

A

A slight change in the shape of the haemoglobin molecule, caused by an oxygen molecule entering the haemoglobin molecule associating with one of the haem groups

90
Q

What does a greater partial pressure and a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide have on an oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Higher - shallower line

Lower - steeper line

91
Q

Define myoglobin

A

Used as an oxygen reserve. Releases last of the oxygen if in a suffocation scenario in order to give the body a few more seconds

Biology (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions