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History > 32- Imperialism > Flashcards

32- Imperialism Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Cecil Rhodes

A

European gold and diamond magnate, worked on behalf of British imperialism

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2
Q

Imperialism

A

The domination of western powers over subject lands in the larger world. Came by force, trade investment, and business.

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3
Q

White Man’s Burden

A

Rudyard Kipling poem, encouraged US to impose colonial rule in the Philippines. Considered it a duty to bring civilization to subject peoples. Speaks of famine, pride, and profit.

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4
Q

Battle of Omdurman

A

1898, British-Sudanese conflict near Nile river. Overwhelming British victory, huge death toll difference w/ machine guns and gunboats. Led to British colonial rule

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5
Q

How were European colonies shaped by imperial powers?

A

Europeans controlled domestic and foreign policies, integrated the local economy into the global network, introduced European business, schools, culture.

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6
Q

Economic motives of Imperialism

A

Supply natural resources not available in Europe. Also could provide a consumer market and space for migrants.

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7
Q

Political motives of Imperialism

A

Colonies had strategic sea locations, mil. and ec. advantage. Imperialism inspired patriotism, shifted nat’l attention from social tension

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8
Q

Cultural justifications for Imperialism

A

Missionaries sought religious converts, defended their interests against entrepreneurs, carried comm. between lands. Invoked white man’s burden to bring order and enlightenment.

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9
Q

How did new transportation technology aid imperialism?

A

Steam engine in ironclad ships w/ powerful guns-Speed, direction advantage (Yangzi). Suez and Panama canals; railroads organized local economies & lowered costs.

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10
Q

How did new communications advances aid imperialism?

A

Steamships carried messages quickly; telegraph lines connected empires - allowed rulers and merchants to respond to troubles, economic events

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11
Q

East India Company

A

English trading company, responsible for conquest of India, had gov’t permission to build trading posts. Annexed kingdoms during Mughal decline (diplomacy or military), used “doctrine of lapse.”

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12
Q

The Great Game

A

Russian and British adventurers explored central Asia (political vacuum). Made alliances to prep. for India war (never happened-WWI). Soviet union then filled C. Asia.

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13
Q

Dutch East Indies

A

SE Asian archipelago (modern Indonesia). Had cash crops (sugar, tea, coffee, tobacco). Valuable and productive Dutch colony.

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14
Q

Sepoy Mutiny

A

Indian Sepoy soldiers heard a rumour they would use bullets coated with pig and cow fat. British imposition of rule, harsh treatment, social reforms, and overall disruption led to anti-British rebellion in C and N India. British forces from Atlantic stepped in, regained control.

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15
Q

How did the terms of British colonial rule in India change in 1858?

A

British ended Mughal empire. Abolished EIC rule for direct crown rule. New domestic and foreign policy. Restructured landholdings and encouraged cash crops. Built railroads, telegraphs, canals, irrigation, English schools. Didn’t promote Christianity.

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16
Q

Why did Britain strategically colonize Burma and Malaya?

A

Gave strategic advantage for trade between India, SE Asia, and China. Good merchant and naval port locations. Also supplied ivory, minerals, rubber, and tin.

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17
Q

Where did French imperialism take place? How did they rule their subjects compared to the British?

A

France took modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos (French Indochina). Established European style schools and made connections with native elites. Encouraged conversion to Christianity.

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18
Q

King Leopold and Congo Free State

A

Belgian king, developed commercial ventures and Congo Free State colony. Established free trade zone, lucrative rubber business-forced labor, abuses.

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19
Q

Boers

A

Dutch for “farmers,” known as Afrikaners, descendants of Dutch settlers in Cape Town. Expanded, employees and settlers encroached upon natives, led to warfare and disease.

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20
Q

Great Trek

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A

British took over Cape Town, disrupted Afrikaners (slavery (finance), law, language). Afrikaners migrated east. Conflict with indigenous, successfully expanded. Voortrekkers created independent republics.

21
Q

Boer War

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A

Tensions rose during influx of British miners. Large toll on black African soldiers for both sides. Afrikaners defeated, British created Union of South Africa w/ territories.

22
Q

How and why did the European presence in Africa dramatically change in the last decades of the 1800s? (Scramble for Africa)

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A

Europe had new information about African geography and rivers from missionaries, explorers. Colonization allowed for exploitation of resources, and fuelled nationalism.

23
Q

What took place at the Berlin conference?

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A

Nations discussed the division of Africa. Set rules for occupation (military conquest or agreement w/ local ruler) and objectives for colonized lands (abolish slave trade, extend civilization, promote Christianity, promote commerce)

24
Q

Battle of Adwa

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A

Italy entered Ethiopia, anticipated an easy victory w/ European weapons and previous victories. Faced defeat by Ethiopian army

25
Benefits and drawbacks to "concessionary companies" for European governments?
Granted large companies territories, allowed them to undertake economic activities-mining, agriculture, railroads-labor, taxation. Benefits: Allowed for colonization and exploitation w/ small investment. Drawbacks: Forced labor provoked outcry in Europe. profits were smaller than expected, and the gov't eventually took control themselves.
26
Direct rule
Administrative districts administered by Europeans. Cut across ethnic groups, removed strong kings-allowed Europe to civilize Africans. Constant shortage of Europeans, slow communication between officials. Had limited understanding of local customs. Used by France.
27
Indirect rule
Allowed natives to (think they could) retain control while under European influence. Used existing indigenous states. Made erroneous assumptions about rigid tribal categories. Used by Britain
28
New Zealand Wars
War between Maori in New Zealand and British over land. Maori opposed British attempts to take land/sovereignty. Ended w/ European settlements and poor rural Maori areas.
29
How was what transpired to the indigenous people of Australia and New Zealand similar to what happened to Native Americans?
Migration because of gold and arable land brought smallpox and measles. The population fell by 80-90%. Indigenous were displaced, led to violence.
30
How was the imperialist approach to the Pacific islands different at first, and what changed?
Whalers, merchants, and missionaries were the principal visitors. Europe established colonial rule w/ coaling stations and ports. Islands also had sugarcane plantations, coconut supplies, and nickel.
31
Monroe doctrine
Proclamation warning European states against any imperialist plans in the western hemisphere. U.S. set up a free trade zone and controlled hemispheric affairs.
32
How did America expand in the late 1800s?
Purchased Alaska from Russia, took over Hawaii. Took Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Honduras, and Haiti to protect business interests.
33
Spanish-Cuban-American War
Cuba and puerto Rico revolted against Spanish rule, Maine exploded in Havana harbour. U.S. declared war against Spain to protect investments, won easily. Took control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines.
34
Aguinaldo
Filipinos revolted against Spanish rule. U.S. promised to support independence in exchange for an alliance against Spain. Instead, U.S. bought Philippines from Spain to protect business and military interests. Aguinaldo fought American forces, suffered a defeating loss.
35
Roosevelt Corollary
Declaration issued by Roosevelt, exerted the U.S. right to intervene in the domestic affairs of nations in the western hemisphere to protect U.S. investments and interests.
36
How did the U.S. come to control the Panama canal zone?
U.S. supported a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia because they wouldn't cede the isthmus of Panama. U.S. helped establish the Panama state, and was given control over the canal zone in return.
37
Sino-Japanese war
Anti-foreign rebellion in Korea prompted Qing intervention. Meiji intervened because of business interests (unequal treaty w/ Korea), and demolished Chinese army. Japan took Korea, and forced China to sign unequal treaties.
38
Russo-Japanese war
Russia resented rise of Japan. Had territorial ambitions in Laidong, Korea, and Manchuria. Japan strengthened army, destroyed Russia. Russia gave railroad, recognized Japanese territories. Validated Japan as a major imperial power.
39
Tea
Introduced by British to India and Ceylon. Converted forests to plantations, recruited labor, exported all to Britain.
40
How was cotton production transformed in India?
Production reoriented to serve the needs of colonial Britain, not local economies. Railroads exported it to mechanized factories in Britain. Flooded Africa with cheap textiles. Increased value.
41
Why was there a huge surge in indentured servants? From where did they originate and where did they go?
Indentured laborers replaced slaves. Came from Africa, India, Asia, and the Pacific; went to Americas, Caribbean, and Oceania. Cultivated rubber, sugar, worked in mines.
42
What issues caused colonized peoples to rebel?
Rebelled against foreign rule, tyrannical and oppressive behaviour, introduction of European schools, high taxation, and conscripted labor.
43
Aside from violence, what were other ways colonized peoples rebelled?
Rebelled in nonviolent ways because they could not match foreign weaponry. Boycotted European goods, organized political parties, published anti colonial newspapers, pursued anti colonial policies through religion and church groups.
44
Maji Maji rebellion
Prophet-led Tanzanian rebellion against German colonial rule, believed Maji Maji water made them bulletproof.
45
How did scientific racism help to underpin imperialism?
Justified imperialism by proving the nobility and intelligence of Europeans using color, bone structure, and brain capacity.
46
Gobineau
Theorist on race, took race as the most important index of human potential. Articulated 4 main racial groups, characterized as intelligent, smart, lazy, noble, etc based on color and bone structure.
47
Social Darwinism and Spencer
Applied "Darwin's survival of the fittest" theory to explain the difference between the strong and weak. Successful races evolved to higher states than less successful. Believed domination was inevitable result of scientific principles.
48
Who led reform movements in India?
Ram Mahan Roy; influential Indian elite helped forge national identity. Argued for a society based on European science and traditional Hinduism. Social reform-Improved status of women, but upheld Vedas and Upanishads. Inspired by Enlightenment, called for self government.
49
Indian National Congress
Most important Indian reform group, forum for educated Indians to communicated opinions to colonial officials. Grievances about poverty, drought, famine, and racism. Joined forces w/ All-India Muslim League to seek self-rule. Nationalism, independence became a mass movement

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