3.2 ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 1

Two subcategories of the Nervous System

Answer 1

central NS, peripheral NS

Question 2

Two subcategories of the Central Nervous System

Answer 2

brain, spinal cord

Question 3

Two subcategories of the Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 3

somatic NS, autonomic NS

Question 4

Three subcategories of the brain

Answer 4

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 5

Two subcategories of the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 5

sympathetic division, parasympathetic division

Question 6

Two subcategories of the Somatic Nervous System

Answer 6

afferent nerves, efferent nerves

Question 7

Three parts of hindbrain

Answer 7

cerebellum, medulla, pons

Question 8

Four parts of forebrain

Answer 8

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system

Question 9

Structure found in both hindbrain and midbrain

Answer 9

reticular formation

Question 10

Define: peripheral nervous system

Answer 10

all nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

Question 11

Define: central nervous system

Answer 11

nerves of the brain, spinal cord

Question 11

Somatic nervous system functions

Answer 11

voluntary movement, sensory

Question 11

Define: afferent nerve fibers

Answer 11

axons carrying information inwards from PNS towards CNS

Question 11

Define: somatic nervous system

Answer 11

nerves that connect voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors

Question 12

Define: autonomic nervous system

Answer 12

nerves connecting to the heart, blood vessels, smooth vessels, and glands

Question 13

Define: efferent nerve fibers

Answer 13

axons carrying information outwards from CNS towards PNS

Question 14

Autonomic nervous system functions

Answer 14

involuntary, automatic functions (heartbeat, digestion, perspiration)

Question 15

Define: sympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body’s resources during emergency situations (controls “fight or flight”)

Question 16

Sympathetic nervous system functions

Answer 16

fight or flight response (slow digestive processes, blood shunting from periphery, trigger release of hormones from adrenal glands

Question 17

Define: parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

branch of autonomic nervous system that conserves body resources

Question 18

Parasympathetic nervous system functions

Answer 18

feed or breed response and reversing fight or flight (slowing down RR, HR, etc.)

Question 19

Define: hindbrain

Answer 19

an area of the brain that coordinates info coming in and out of spinal cord, controls basic functions of life

Question 20

Define: midbrain

Answer 20

area of brain important for orientation, movement

Question 21

Define: forebrain

Answer 21

highest level of brain; critical for complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, motor functions

Question 22

Define: medulla

Answer 22

extension of spinal cord into skull coordinating HR, circulation, respiration

Question 23

Define: reticular formation

Answer 23

brain structure regulating sleep, wakefulness, levels of arousal

Question 24

Define: cerebellum

Answer 24

large structure of hindbrain controlling fine motor skills (smoothing out movement)

Question 25

Define: pons

Answer 25

brain structure that relays info from cerebellum to the rest of the brain

Question 26

Function: tectum and tegmentum

Answer 26

help orient an organism in the environment and guide movement toward or away from stimuli

Question 27

Function: thalamus

Answer 27

relays, filters info from the senses and transmits the info to the cerebral cortex

Question 28

Function: hypothalamus

Answer 28

regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior

Question 29

Function: pituitary gland

Answer 29

"master gland", releases hormones that direct functions of other glands in the body

Question 30

Function: hippocampus

Answer 30

create new memories, integrate them into a network on knowledge to be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex

Question 31

Function: amygdala

Answer 31

emotional processes, formation of emotional memories

Question 32

Function: basal ganglia

Answer 32

directs intentional movements

Question 33

Define: cerebral cortex

Answer 33

outermost layer of the brain, divided into 2 hemispheres

Question 34

Define: contralateral control

Answer 34

each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex controls the opposite side of the body

Question 35

Define: corpus callosum

Answer 35

nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres and allowing sharing of information

Question 36

Define: occipital lobe

Answer 36

visual

Question 37

Define: parietal lobe

Answer 37

senses (touch, temp, pain, space)

Question 38

Define: temporal lobe

Answer 38

hearing, language

Question 39

Define: frontal lobe

Answer 39

movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, judgement

Question 40

Define: association areas

Answer 40

areas of cerebral cortex composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex

Question 41

Function: left hemisphere

Answer 41

verbal processing (speech, language, reading, writing)

Question 42

Function: Right hemisphere

Answer 42

nonverbal processing (spatial, musical, visual, emotional)

Question 43

Define: dorsal stream

Answer 43

from occipital upwards anteriorly, deals with "where" and "how"

Question 44

Define: ventral stream

Answer 44

from occipital lobe downwards anteriorly, deals with "what" and recognition

Question 45

Define: limbic system

Answer 45

network of structures (ie. thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, etc.) that seem to work together as pleasure centers, also emotion and memory

Question 46

Define: cerebral specialization

Answer 46

the left hemisphere is used for verbal processing, while the right hemisphere is used for nonverbal

Question 47

Define: plasticity

Answer 47

neural wiring of the brain is flexible, constantly evolving