3.2 Terms Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Pathogen
A
a disease causing organism
2
Q
Jungle Rot causes
A
Polymicrobial infection with a variety of microorganisms
3
Q
Jungle Rot Symptoms
A
-numb foot/toes
-red or blue coloration
4
Q
What may untreated jungle rot lead to?
A
amputation
5
Q
What is a Prion?
A
nonliving, submicroscopic patterns
6
Q
How does a prion infect?
A
exposed meat, contaminated medical equipment, infected organs - causes brain to fold
7
Q
Prion Diagnosis
A
MRI, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, EEG (brain waves)
8
Q
Prion Treatment
A
no cure, but meds can slow it down
9
Q
Prion Prevention
A
cleaning medical equipment
10
Q
Prion Examples
A
-Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
-Gerstmann-Straussler-scheinker syndrome
-fatal familial Insomnia
11
Q
What is a virus?
A
non-living microscopic agents with an outer protein shell (capsid)
12
Q
How does a virus infect?
A
touch, saliva, blood or sexual contact, takes over protein synthesis
13
Q
Virus Diagnosis
A
physical exam and clinical lab testing
14
Q
Virus Treatment
A
antivirals, OTC treatment (pain relievers, decongestants, cough syrups)
15
Q
Virus Prevention
A
Vaccines and proper personal hygiene
16
Q
Virus Examples
A
-Influenza Virus
-Flu
-COVID
17
Q
What is Bacteria?
A
living, microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic organisms
18
Q
How does bacteria infect?
A
nose, eye, mouth, wound, contaminated food/water, sex
19
Q
Bacteria diagnosis
A
physical exam and clinical lab testing
20
Q
Bacteria treatment
A
antibiotics
21
Q
Bacteria prevention
A
vaccines, sanitary conditions, proper personal hygiene
22
Q
Bacteria examples
A
-mycobacterium tuberculosis
-meningitis
-pneumonia
23
Q
What is a protist?
A
living, microscopic, animal-like organism, single-celled eukaryotic
24
Q
How does a protist infect?
A
ingestion of poop, contaminated food, they infect the digestive tract and deprive of essential nutrients
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Protist diagnosis
microscopic exam of fecal material to look for protists
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Protist treatment
antiprotozoal medication
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Protist Prevention
maintenance of personal health and sanitary conditions
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Protist Examples
-giardiasis
-malaria
-toxoplasmosis
29
What is a helminth?
living, multicellular, eukaryotic worms
30
How do helminths infect?
consumption of contaminated food/water, bitten by an insect
31
Helminth Diagnosis
microscopic exam of fecal matter to look for worms
32
Helminth Treatment
deworming medications
33
Helminth Prevention
avoid:
-exposed food/water
-ingestion of meat from infected animal
insect bites
34
Helminth Examples
-taenia
-ascariasis
-hookworm
35
What is Fungi?
living, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, yeasts, mildew, mushrooms, molds
36
How does fungi infect?
when spores are inhaled or land on host-results in tissue damage
37
Fungi Diagnosis
microscopic exam of tissue affected
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Fungi Treatment
antifungals
39
Fungi prevention
avoid contact with an infected host
40
Fungi examples
-tinea pedis
-candidiasis
-aspergillosis
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commensal
relationship between two organisms
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epidermis functions
-protective barrier
-makes new skin
-protects body
-provides skin color
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dermis functions
-has collagen and elastin
-grows hair
-makes oil
produces sweat
supplies blood
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subcutaneous fatty tissue functions
-cushions muscles and bones
-has connective tissue helps the nerves and blood vessels
-regulates body temperature
44
hair follicle functions
-helps repair your skin after a wound or injury
-form new blood vessels
-form new nervous system neuron cells
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what are two systems that work together to keep your body safe?
Immune system and epithelial system
46
what role does mucus play in the body?
traps pathogens entering the body
47
arrector pili functions
causes hair to stand up
48
sudoriferous gland function
sweating
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sebaceous gland function
produce and create sebum
50
sepsis
an infection forming
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severe sepsis
acute organ dysfunction
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septic shock
hypotension, elevated lactate levels
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first degree burn
only effects top layer of skin - red marks
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second degree burn
epidermis and dermis blistering
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third degree burn description
destroys epidermis and dermis, destroys nerve ends, colors skin black/white
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fourth degree burn
when bones, muscles or tendons get burned
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lymphatic system functions
-maintains fluids
-absorbs fat from digestive tract
-protects body from pathogens
-transports and removes waste from lymph fluid
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immune system function
-protects body from invaders
-distinguish self cells
-defends against non-self cells
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how many lymph nodes in an average human?
600-800
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where are lymph nodes found?
neck, armpits, groin
61
why do lymph nodes swell?
they take the intercell fluids and drain them, while also removing bacteria
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when you get a cut your cardiovascular system...
pumps blood to form blood clot
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when you get a cut your immune system...
brings white blood cells (fighters) to fight off infection
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when you get a cut your lymphatic system...
takes cells into fluid and filters them in nodes
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Snake bite symptoms
-pain
-swelling
-blisters
-bleeding/oozing
-metallic taste
-numbness
-tingling
-shock
-respiratory arrest
-unresponsiveness
-death
66
What to do with a snake bite?
-remove constrictive items from the site
-clean wound with soap and water
-use a sharpie to circle bite and write time of bite
-call for help
67
Orthopedic Injury Symptoms
-strain
-inflammation
-overuse of tendon
Sprain:
-tear of ligament
Fracture:
-a break in a bone
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What to do with an orthopedic injury?
-find out what happened
-ask about patient history
-pay attention to limb position, blood loss, open wounds, and if patient can bear weight
-RICE(rest, ice, compression, elevation) or splint - depending on injury
-return to camp and elevate
69
Dermatitis Symptoms
-redness
-swelling
-itching
-burning
-blisters
-systemic reactions
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what to do with dermatitis?
-wash soap quickly with soap and water
-apply cool compress
-apply hydrocortisone or oral histamines
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Anaphylaxis Symptoms
-difficulty breathing
-hives
-wheezing
-chest tightness
-rapid pulse
-flushed skin
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What to do with anaphylaxis?
-evacuate
-administration of epinephrine
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sepsis symptoms
-increased respiratory rate
-fever
-confusion or disorientation
-slurred speech
-cold or pale skin
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what to do with sepsis?
-evacuate rapidly
-antibiotics and fluids
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malaria symptoms
-increased respiratory rate
-increased blood pH
-headache
-nausea
-diarrhea
-dizziness
-fever
-muscle aches
-yellowing of skin
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what to do with malaria?
-ask if patient has been bitten recently by a mosquito
-check if it has been 7-18 days since bite
-call for help and evacuate
-treat with anti malaria medication
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Dengue Fever symptoms
-increased blood pH
-increased respiratory rate
-headache
-nausea
-dizziness
-fever
-muscle aches
-mucosal bleeding
-yellowing of skin
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what to do with dengue fever?
-provide acetaminophen to control fever and pain
-reduce anxiety
-slowly hydrate
-consider electrolyte replacement (if vomiting or diarrhea)
-monitor for worsening symptoms
-call for help
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Innate Immunity
non-specific immune defense mechanisms that work against the outside coming in. people are born with it
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Acquired Immunity
specific immune defense mechanisms, acquired over a lifetime
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active immunity
acquired after infection and recovery, or from vaccine
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passive immunity
acquired by a child from its mother through the placenta of breastfeeding
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tears as a defense mechanism
contains an enzyme that kills invading organisms by washing them out
84
nasal mucosa and cilia as a defense mechanism
the mucus and cilia (small hairs) in the nose trap invaders
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digestive enzymes as defense mechanisms
oral enzymes help to kill invaders
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cilia as a defense mechanism
constantly waving upwards
invaders get trapped in mucus and are passed up and out
smoking kills cilia
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stomach acid as a defense mechanism
pH of 2
kills invaders
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normal flora as a defense mechanism
takes up space and secrets chemicals to keep foreign invaders out
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secretions as a defense mechanism
in females, urine and vaginal discharge work to flush out organisms
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inflammation as a defense mechanism
removes dangerous stimuli and initiates healing process
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fever as a defense mechanism
increases change for destructing pathogens
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why is something considered non-specific?
the WBC (white) kills all cells, both personal and foreign
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how does acquired immunity work?
relies on cells and proteins to target specific pathogens for destruction
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what is a SPECIFIC process?
acquired immunity
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what is a NON-SPECIFIC process?
inflammation and fever
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What are autoimmune disorders?
when the body attacks its own tissue as if it was foreign
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autoimmune disorder examples and functions
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS:
body attacks its own myelin
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS:
body attacks the joint lining
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Prodromal symptoms
early signs or symptoms that precede the onset of a disease
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Acquired Passive Immunity
gotten from mom through placenta + breastfeed (short term)
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Innate Immunity
natural what your genetics determine
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Acquired Adaptive Immunity
gotten when you get sick or vaccinated
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Herd Immunity
so many people are protected that the non protected are protected
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Antigen
proteins that are found on the cell surface of pathogens and they signal non-self
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Antibodies
proteins that are found on the cell surface of pathogens and they signal non-self
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Antibiotics
medicine only good for killing bacteria
-made from fungus
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First line of defense: Skin
shields (tightly packed wall of cells)
non-specific
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First line of defense: Mucous lining
traps pathogens
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second line of defense: mast cells
assists with allergic and inflammatory responses releases histamines (makes blood vessels leakier)
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second line of defense: basophil
same as mast cells
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second line of defense: macrophages
consumes pathogens
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second line of defense: Complement system
signals to the MACs that there are pathogens (to come get) non-specific response
112
third line of defense: cytotoxic T-cells
-destroys infected cells
-part of the cell-mediated process
-release perforin into infected cells so they explode
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third line of defense: T-Helper cells
-binds to antigen and signals for other cells to come in and attack
-recognize antigens
-direct MACs to come
-can tell (B lymph) to make antibodies
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third line of defense: B-cells
-white blood cells that have the ability to make antibodies
-part of the humoral response
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memory B cells
-third line of defense
-stores 'memory' of pathogens
-wakes up B cells
116
memory T cells
-third line of defense
-stores 'memory' of pathogens
-wakes up T cells
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Virus Reproduction:
1. Attatchment
The virus attaches to the surface of the animal host cell. the attachment of the virus to that host cell is the highly specific to each virus. viruses can attach to lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and even epithelial cells.
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Virus Reproduction:
2. Entry
Teh virus DNA enters the host cell. This can occur in two ways: by endocytosis where the cell engulfs the virus, or by the virus fusing directly with the plasma membranes of the host cell.
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Virus Reproduction:
3. Uncoating
Uncoating is the breakdown or removal of the capsid of the virus, causing the virus genome to be completely released, exposing viral genes for transcription and replication.
120
Virus Reproduction:
4. Replication
In the same way that our DNA encodes the information to manufacture proteins, a virus' genome acts as the instructions for the synthesis of virus proteins. the virus uses the host cell machinery to copy viral single-stranded RNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded DNA depending on the virus, as well as proteins and additional genome copies.
121
Virus Reproduction:
5. Assembly
Newly created virus parts self-assemble into new VIRIONS, intact and infective virus particles. the location of virion assembly depends upon the particular virus. it can take place within the nucleus of the cell, at the plasma membrane, or at a variety of intracellular membranes, such as the Golgi Complex.
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Virus Reproduction:
6. Maturation
Until maturation, the virion has been in the process of forming, and if the cell was broken open, the virions would not be able to initiate infection of the new cells. When matration occurs, the final changes in structure of the capsid withing an immature virion result in an infectious virus particle.
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Virus Reproduction:
7. Release
In the final step of the virus replication cycle, the cell host releases the new virions into the extracellular environment either through a process of lysis (which kills the cells) or by budding, where the virion can continue the cycle of infecting new cells.
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Which vaccines were designed to protect clients from viruses?
-yellow fever
-hepatitis A
125
Which vaccines were designed to protect against bacteria?
-typhoid fever
-tetanus
-diphtheria
126
what causes dengue fever?
one of four types of dengue viruses
127
dengue fever symptoms
-nausea
-vomiting
-fatigue
-intense joint aches
-bleeding of gums, nose, etc.
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can you get a vaccine once you have been infected?
no
129
what can you take post infection?
antivirals
130
three illnesses controlled by effective antiviral medications?
-flu
-ebola
-herpes
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what are virions?
very simple infectious particles
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what are ways in which viral infections can be treated post infection?
antiviral drugs
133
how do antivirals work?
they disrupt the viral replication cycle by limiting a virus's ability to attach to cells incorporate its genetic material into its host
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what is a viral load?
the concentration of viral particles in a given sample
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Immune privilege
limits the body's normal inflammatory response
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cornea function
protects the eye from outside infiltrations and ultraviolet radiation
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aqueous humor function
gives the eye its shape and supplies nutrition to the cornea and lens
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pupil function
allows the light through the lens and directs the light into the retina
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iris function
controls the size of the pupil to let more or less light into the eye
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canal of schlemm function
maintains fluid homeostasis by draining aqueous humor from the eye into the systemic circulation
141
ciliary zonule function
transmits forces that flatten the lens during the process of disaccommodation bringing distant objects into focus
142
lens function
transmits light, focusing it on the retina
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ciliary body function
produces aqueous humor
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optic disk/blind spot function
the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells come together
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extraocular muscle function
the movement of the eye horizontally, vertically, and torsional
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vitreous humor function
provides nutrients to the eye and helps the eye keep its shape
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optic nerve function
transmits electrical impulses from your eyes to your brain
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fovea centralis function
allows for high visual ability
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retina function
captures the light that enters your eye and helps translate it into the images you see
150
choroid function
brings oxygen and nutrients to the eye
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sclera function
maintains your eye shape and protects it from injuries
