3.2.1 Cell Structure

Question 1

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic

Answer 1

Eukaryotic- membrane bound (multicellular)
ANIMAL- heterophobic PLANT-autotrophic
FUNGAL- chemoautotrophic

Prokaryotic- no membrane bound organelles

Question 2

Plasma membrane

Answer 2

• phospholipid bilayer (barrier from external environment)
• protiens- transport/antigens/communication
• glycoprotien and glycolipids- cell adhesion and communication

Question 3

Nucleus

Answer 3

-nucleur pores- allow ribosomes transport through through nuclear envelope
-nucleolous- RNA and ribosomes synthesis
-nucleaplasm- contain chromatin
FUNCTIONS- control centre, mitosis, DNA

Question 4

Mitochondria

Answer 4

• double membrane- inner folded to form CRISTAE for compartmentalization
• matrix- contains proteins lipids and enzymes for ATP synthesis

Question 5

Golgi apparatus

Answer 5

stacked membrane (cristernae) packaging lipids+proteins into VESCICLES and sends to cell membrane (exocytosis) 
- and lysosomes synthasis

Question 6

Lysosomes

Answer 6

Contains HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES- digest food, organelles and pathogens by ENDOCYTOSIS (e.g. in phygocytes)

Question 7

Ribosomes

Answer 7

Cytoplasmic granules

• small and large sub unit for Protien Synthesis
• no cell membrane
• 70s in prokaryotic, 80s in eukaryotic

Question 8

Endoplasmic Reticulam

Answer 8

-cristernai and Luman- transport network
RER- covered in ribosomes
(If cell damage then more RER for repair)
SER- Carries newly synthesised proteins and synthesises lipids

Question 9

Cell Wall

Answer 9

-polysaccoride cellulose in plants and algae
- Chitin in fungi
(1st layer random and 2and layer organised)
PLASMODESMATA allow cytoplasm flow between cells (connected by thin layer called MIDDLE LAMELLA)
For support and strength

Question 10

Chloroplasts

Answer 10

double membrane -inner membrane forms THYLOKOID MEMBRAME arranged into GRANA (stacks of coins) filled with chlorophyll
STROMA- like cytoplasm inside inner membrane
STARCH GRAINS also stored here

Question 11

VACUOLE

Answer 11

TONOPLAST membrane (to seperate from cytoplasm)
it maintains cell structure+strength

Question 12

PLASMID DNA (optional)

Answer 12

reproduce independently, can cause antibiotic resistance

Question 13

NUCLEOID

Answer 13

genetic information free in cytoplasm, no introns or histones

Question 14

CYTOPLASM (bacteria cells)

Answer 14

contains glycogen and oil droplets

Question 15

CELL WALL (bacterial cells)

Answer 15

polymer of polysaccoride and peptin (making glycoprotien called murein)

Question 16

CAPSULE (optional)

Answer 16

secrete layer of protective slime so cell doesn’t dry out in arid condition

Question 17

flagellum (optional)

Answer 17

used for locomotion

Question 18

structure of Virus

Answer 18

acellular-only multiply inside host cell/organisms
CASPID (encloses DNA/RNA)
LIPID ENVELOPE- used to fuse to other cells and exchange plasmids
ENVELOPE PROTEIN-to attach to host cell
TAIL FIBERS- to inject genetic material into bacteria (for bacteriophage virus)

Question 19

Why and How do Cell Differentiation

Answer 19

To carry out specific functions (called division of labor)

By different Gene’s being expressed in different cells

Question 20

Adaptations of epithelial cells in small intestine

Answer 20

• microvilli (increased s.a.)
• membrane with enzymes (increase rate of digestoon)
• many mitochondria (for active transport)

Question 21

Adaptations of palaside mesophyll cells?

Answer 21

Many chloroplasts (for photoshythasis)
-colomn shaped (long length for increased light capture)

Question 22

Types of tissue and their function

Answer 22

Epithelial -covers all body structures
Connective -tough and fiberous hold body together
Muscular -can contract for movement
Nervous -conduct impulses for communication

Question 23

Definition it tissue
And
Simple vs complex tissue

Answer 23

Cells similar in structure with specific function

Simple -only one cell type
Conplex- more than 1 cell type

Question 24

How do cells/tissues bind together and interact?

Answer 24

Extracellular material and cell adhesion molecules (like glycolipids)

This allows activities of cells to be intergrated