321 exam 2 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What is health?
A
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
2
Q
What are the components of health?
A
Physical, mental, social, sexual, vocational
3
Q
What are the perceptions of health as nurses?
A
Our personal definition of health impacts how we treat patients.
Be aware of our own definitions of health, this can bias us
Understand what your patient’s definition of health is
4
Q
What is disease?
A
medical condition that causes distress for a person in the form of its symptoms
Includes disorders, infections, and disabilities
5
Q
What is illness?
A
A state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished
6
Q
What is acute illness
A
short duration and severe
7
Q
What is chronic illness
A
an illness that lasts longer than 6 months
8
Q
What is illness behavior?
A
the manner in which people who are ill from a disease act
It can involve how people monitor their bodies and define their symptoms
9
Q
What is an internal variable
A
perception of illness and nature of illness
10
Q
what are External variables?
A
visible symptoms, social group, cultural background, economics, and accessibility to healthcare.
11
Q
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
A
used to understand the interrelationships of basic human needs
12
Q
What is the Holistic Health Model
A
looks at the relationships among body, mind, spirit, and how they affect health
13
Q
What are some examples of Internal variables
A
developmental stage, educational background, perception of functioning, emotional factors, spiritual factors
14
Q
What are some examples of external variables?
A
family roles and practices, social determinants of health
15
Q
What are the 3 determinants of health?
A
social and economic environment
physical environment
individual characteristics and behaviors
16
Q
what are some examples of determinants
A
income and social status, education, physical environment, social support network, genetics, coping skills, gender
17
Q
What are the 5 domains for social determinants of health
A
economic stability, education, health and healthcare, social and community context, neighborhood and built environment
18
Q
What are health disparties
A
a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage
19
Q
what is a health inequities
A
health differences that are avoidable, unfair, unjust, and unnecessary
20
Q
What is a health promotion
A
a process of helping people gain control of and improve their health
21
Q
what is health education
A
helps people develop a greater understanding of their health and how to better manage their health risks
22
Q
what is illness prevention
A
protects people from actual or potential threats to health
23
Q
What are the 3 levels of disease prevention
A
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
24
Q
what is primary prevention
A
goal is to reduce the incidence of disease
25
what is secondary prevention
gal is to prevent the spread of disease, illness, and infection once it has occurd
26
what is tertiary prevention
goal is to minimize the effects of long-term disease or disability
27
what is a risk factor
any attribute, quality, environmental situation, or trait that increases the vulnerability of an individual or a group to an illness or accident
28
What are some ineffective behavior change strategies
fear, confrontation, coercion, paternalism
29
What are approaches to effective behavior change?
Acknowledge client's stage of change and use processes that help the client move to the next stage of change
Use respectful, supportive manner to motivate internal change in client
Give several approaches/ strategies
Emphasize empathetic listening, rather than speaking
Follow up with the client
30
What are the components of the Transtheoretical model of change
1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance
31
What is Precontemplation
no intent to change within the next 6 months
32
What are the tasks for Precontemplation
* Awareness of need for change
* Increase concern about current behavior
* Envision change as possibility
33
What is contemplation
considering a change within the next 6 months
34
Tasks for contemplation
* Analyze pros and cons of current behavior
* Weigh costs/benefits
* Struggle with ambivalence
35
What is preparation
making small changes in preparation for a change within the next month
36
what are the tasks for preparation?
* Increase commitment to change (self-liberation)
* Design a plan for change
37
What is action
actively engaged in strategies to change behaviors; lasts up to 6 months
38
what are the tasks for action
* Actively engage in strategies for change to occur
* Sustain commitment in face of difficulties
39
What is the maintenance stage
Sustained change over time, begins 6 months after
action has started and continues indefinitely.
40
what are the tasks for the maintenance stage
* Anticipate relapse
* Prepare coping strategies in advance
41
What ages are considered to be young adult
18-35
42
what happens biologically in young adults
physical and emotional changes, growth is completed at 17 for W and 21 for M, critical thinking, decision making capabilities
43
What is psychosocial development according to Erickson (young adults)
development of increased sense of competency and self-esteem
intimacy vs isolation
44
What are the three self-perception, self-concept patters for young adults?
life change adjustment - a move, a new job
Identity - moving out of family home, beginning adulthood
work and personal responsibilities - beginning to balance work and personal life
45
What are some young adulthood characteristics?
healthiest time of life, daring, adventurous, risk taker
46
What are some challenges young adults face
stress from life changes - marriage, kids, career, illness, miscarriage
47
What is an achievement- oriented stress
internal pressure to succeed- can be positive or negative
48
What do young adults require when facing challenges
coping skills, problem solving, stress management
49
What are some health risks in young adults
unintentional injures (not wearing seatbelt), substance use, violence, suicide
50
How do we prevent disease and promote health in young adults?
check up every 1-2 years, reduce alcohol and drug abuse, improve mental health
51
What does behavioral health history focus on in young adults?
focuses on health risk behaviors such as alcohol, drugs, stress, exercise, sleep patterns
52
What would some health promotion examples be for exercise?
helmets while riding bike, protective equipment for sports, sunscreen for outdoor activities
53
What would some health promotion examples be for sleep?
change activities or stressors, try new physical activities, sleep hygiene
54
What are some health concerns regarding infertility?
affects 10-15% of reproductive couples, assistive reproduction can be expensive and stressful
55
What are some health concerns regarding unintended pregnancy?
help choose methods that are best for the patient
56
What are some health concerns regarding Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
have immediate physical effects and long term health impacts
57
What are some health concerns regarding depression?
cause by stressors, parents divorce, unemployment etc
58
what are some signs of depression
crying, difficulty socializing, not leaving the house, eating patterns change, sleep patterns change, losing interest
59
Effects of depression include:
suicide, substance abuse, eating disorders
60
What role will nurses play with young adults?
counselor, they need to listen, offer support, remove barriers, provide resources
61
what are the goals aimed at for young adults
maintaining physical conditions, encourage healthy habits, screening for diseases, treating illness
62
what are some barriers to change in young adults
lack of motivation, lack of knowledge, insufficient skills to change health status, undefined short and long term goals, lack of social support
63
What age is middle adulthood
34-64 years
64
Dynamic changes in middle adulthood
physiologic decline begins
65
what are some physiologic changes in middle adulthoot?
hair and skin, weight, presbyopia (near-vision), menopause
Onset of chronic conditions such as cancer and heart disease
66
self-perception, self- concept pattern in middle adulthood - Erikson
Generativity vs stagnation
generativity is when they reach goals and have a sense of productivity
stagnation is when the person becomes self absorbed
67
What happens during midlife crisis?
recognize their physical agility is declining, their own death, less time to make changes,
if they do not recognize these things and do not accept them then it is a midlife crisis
68
what are some middle adult challenges
divorce of offspring, young adults move back home, raising grandchildren
69
what are some life events with potential disruptive effects in middle adulthood
two or more job families, divorce, caring for aging parents, death of spouse
70
what are the leading causes of death in middle adults
malignant neoplasms
unintentional injuries
heart disease
71
what are a few chronic diseases in middle adults?
heart disease, arthritis, back and spine impairments, COPD, dental disease
72
what are some sexuality-reproductive changes in middle adults
pregnancy, STIs
73
what are some health concerns regarding obesity in middle adults
leading cause of death
diabetes, CVD, HTN
74
What are some health promotions regarding weight management in middle adults
calorie reduction, increase physical activity, normalize weight, reduce risk for chronic disease
75
What are some health promotions regarding exercise for middle adults
30 min 5 or more days a week, continuous exercise
76
Health concern regarding oral health in middle adults
gingivitis, periodontitis, teach dental hygiene and dental exams
77
what are some health promotions regarding sleep in middle adults
less time in deep sleep compared to young adults, less sleep overall compared to young adults, insomnia common
78
what are some healthful guidelines regarding sleep in middle adults
keep regular sleep schedule, quality sleep, may need occasional napping
79
what are some nursing practices for middle adults
identification of risk factors, health promotion, nurses help middle adults improve quality of life
80
What are the ages for older adults
65 and older
81
Why are there so many older adults
* Improved standard of living
* Improved nutrition
* Progress in medical care
* Increased health consciousness
82
What does graying of america mean
care will continue to shift from hospitals to community
the goal is to maintain functional independence - assisted living, long term care
83
what are some chronic illnesses in older adults
HTN, stroke, arthritis, heart disease, cancer, asthma, diabetes, chronic respiratory
84
What are Erikson's developmental stages for older adults
generativity vs stagnation- active involvement, other absorption, promotion of next generation, capacity of care
integrity vs despair - acceptance of past life, openness to live, wisdom
85
what are the roles of older adults
children are independent
death or illness, retirement, changes in health status, becoming a grandparent
86
what are some misconceptions about older adults
disease is normal, health promotion is not important, damage to health resulting from inactivity or poor nutrition is irreversible
87
Can we impact morbidity in older adults
we can postpone it by exercise/diet, quit smoking, prevent falls, preventive care
88
Comprehensive Assessment of Older Adults
* Identify individual strengths and weaknesses
* Develop plan of care that corrects problems
* Maintain health
* Improve the quality of life
89
what is the purpose of older adult assessments
* Minimize hospitalizations
* Establish complete diagnoses that are frequently overlooked
* Decrease over-prescription of meds
* Maintain health and health maintenance practices
90
What are the key principles of older adult assessment
* Individualized, person-centered approach
* Client/caregiver as an active partner
* Focus on functional ability
* Multidisciplinary
* Specialized knowledge
91
health promotion in older adults include?
healthy weight, diet, staying active, fall prevention, maintaining relationships, flu shots
92
what are some ways to a successful assessment in older adults
use of screening tools tailored for seniors
93
SPICES assessment for older adults
S: Sleep disorders
P: problems with eating or feeding
I: incontinence
C: confusion
E: evidence of falls
S: skin breakdown
94
Normal physical changes in older adults
Integumentary, Neuromuscular, Sensory/Perceptual, Pulmonary, Cardiovascular, Gastrointestinal, Urinary, Genitals, Immunological, Endocrine
95
Nursing strategies for older adults by System
Respiratory - immunizations, smoking cessation, daily exercise
Cardiovascular - rest when tired or short of breath, daily exercise, wear socks to bed, elastic stockings
96
Nutrition and metabolic patterns for older adults
Proper nutrition prevents cancer, obesity, GI orders, and provides energy for activities of daily living
97
what are some nutrition interventions for older adults
education about nutrition, food assistance programs
98
what are elimination patterns for older adults
bladder retains tone but capacity decreases
management- kegel exercise, pilates, scheduling, intake management, decrease caffeine, disposable undergarments
99
Activity and exercise pattern for older adults
decrease falls, increase strength, reduce arthritis pain, reduce depression, improvement longevity
100
sleep pattern in older adults
many complain of not sleeping well. D: exercise, quiet, dark
Don't: nap, activity before bed, caffeine after mid-morning
101
Cognitive-perceptual pattern in older adults
Cognitive problems are not part of the aging process
Confusion often associated with physiological problem
102
Benign Forgetfulness
modest loss in short term memory
- forgets then remembers
- forgets unimportant events
103
nursing strategies for aging minds
Confusion, disorientation, inappropriate behaviors, loss of ability to follow directions or concentrate are
NOT a part of normal aging
104
Hearing and Vision in older adults
Impaired hearing:
Periodic hearing evaluations
Use of hearing aids
Teach methods to improve
communication-
Visual changes:
Annual eye exam and glaucoma
screening
Use of bright, glare-free lights
Limit night driving if poor night vision
105
Sexual and Reproductive pattern in older adults
Recognize sensitivity of topic
Approach matter-of-factly as a normal and healthy aspect of daily life
Discuss normal age-related changes and appropriate interventions
Susceptible to STIs
Older adults need intimacy, love, touch as an expression of closeness and is an
integral part of sexuality
106
Depression in older adults
Not a normal part in aging process
Signs and symptoms:
* Flat affect, anorexia, weight loss, sleep problems,
fatigue, decreased ability to think and
concentrate, decreased participation in activities
and socialization
107
Suicide in older adults
High rate in US compared to other countries
Highest rate seen in men >75 years
Risk factors: Social isolation, alcohol and substance abuse, psychosis,
bereavement, and serious medical illness
108
Falls in older adults
1 in 3 adults fall each year
Causes:
* Neurological, osteoporosis, stroke, sensory impairment (vision)
109
Biological Agents in older adults
Influenza
* Death in older adults
* Vaccinate annually
Pneumonia
* Increased rate within 1 year of hospitalization
* Vaccinate at age 65
110
What is polypharmacy in older adults
use of multiple medications, 1/3 older adults take 5 or more prescriptions
111
alcohol and tobacco in older adults
Alcohol - more vulnerable to effects of alcohol
tobacco - promotes multiple chronic health conditions
112
Older Adult Abuse
Intentional or neglect that leads to harm
Physical, emotional, verbal, financial, sexual, and abandonment
Highest risk: Older adult women dependent on a caregiver
Nurses need to be aware of the problem and report
113
Projections for the future for older adults
* Creativity and intellectual involvement
* Experience and the desire to share it
* Vitality and productivity
* Compassion for others and concern for the world around them
114
