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Physics Aqa > 3.2.1 Particles > Flashcards

3.2.1 Particles Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

What are atoms made of ? (The simple model of the atom)

A

Atoms of elements are made up of three types of particles: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

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2
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

1.6x10^-19C (or As)

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3
Q

What is the Mass of a Proton?

A

1.67x10^-27Kg

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4
Q

What is the charge of a Neutron?

A

0C (or As)

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5
Q

What is the Mass of a Neutron?

A

1.67x10^-27Kg

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6
Q

What is the Charge of an Electron?

A

-1.6x10^-19C (or As)

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7
Q

What is the Mass of an Electron?

A

9.11x10^-31Kg

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8
Q

What is specific charge?

A

Charge per Kilogram

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9
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge of a nucleus?

A

Total charge of protons/ total mass of No. Nucleons

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10
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge of an Ion?

A

(Total No. electrons added or taken away x 1.6x10^-19)/ total mass of Nucleons

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11
Q

What is an Isotope?

A

An atom (of the same element) that has an equal number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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12
Q

What is Isotopic data?

A

The relative amounts of different isotopes of an element found within a substance

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13
Q

What can isotopic data be used for?

A

To determine the age of substances, using radioactive dating

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14
Q

What is an example isotope used for radioactive dating?

A

Carbon - 14

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15
Q

Why is there an electrostatic repulsion between nucleons in a nucleus ?

A

Because of the charge of the protons

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16
Q

What does the strong nuclear force do?

A

It holds the nucleus together

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17
Q

How does the strong nuclear force hold the nucleus together?

A

The strong nuclear force holds quarks together, therefore holding the neutrons and protons together

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18
Q

Where is the strong force attractive up to?

A

3fm (3x10^-15m)

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19
Q

Where is the strong force repulsive up to?

A

0.5fm (0.5x10^-15m)

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20
Q

Where does the strong force have no effect?

A

3fm (3x10^-15m)

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21
Q

What is the maximum attractive value of the strong force?

A

Around 1fm (1x10^-15m)

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22
Q

When does alpha decay occur?

A

When the nucleus is proton heavy and unstable

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23
Q

What does an alpha particle consist of?

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons, like a helium atom

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24
Q

What happens to the proton number of an element after alpha decay?

A

It decreases by 2

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25
What happens to the nucleon number of an element after alpha decay?
It decreases by 4
26
When does beta-minus decay occur?
With a neutron heavy nucleus
27
What happens during Beta-minus decay?
A neutron turns into a proton, a high energy electron is emitted along with an anti-neutrino
28
What happens to the proton number of an element after beta-minus decay
It increases by 1
29
What is the equation of beta-minus decay?
n --> p + e- + (anti)Ve
30
When does beta-plus decay occur?
In a proton heavy nucleus
31
What happens during Beta-plus decay?
A proton turns into a neutron, a high energy positron and an electron neutrino are emitted
32
What happens to the proton number of the element after the beta-plus decay?
It decreases by 1
33
What is the equation for beta-plus decay?
p --> n + e+ + Ve
34
Why was the existence of the neutrino hypothesised?
To account for the conservation of energy in beta decay
35
For every particle there is a....
Corresponding antiparticle
36
Antiparticles and particles have the same.... (2)
Mass and Rest-mass energy
37
Antiparticles and particles are different because they have....
Opposite charge
38
What is rest energy?
The energy equivalent to the mass of the particle at rest
39
What is rest energy measured in?
Mega electron volts (MeV)
40
What is the corresponding antiparticle to a Proton?
An antiproton
41
What is the corresponding antiparticle to an electron?
A positron
42
What is the corresponding antiparticle to a Neutron?
An antineutron
43
What is the corresponding antiparticle to an electron neutrino?
An antielectron neutrino
44
What is a Photon?
EM radiation travelling in packets
45
What do photons do?
Transfer energy
46
What is the equation used to calculate the energy of a photon?
E = hf
47
What is 1eV equal to in Joules?
1.6x10^-19 J
48
What relationship does E = hf state?
The energy of the photon is directly proportional to the frequency of the EM radiation
49
What is Planck's constant, h?
6.63x10^-34 Js
50
What happens in annihilation?
An antiparticle, particle pair are destroyed and their masses are converted to energy to form gamma ray photons
51
Why are the gamma ray photons emitted in opposite directions?
To conserve momentum
52
What is the minimum energy of one photon after annihilation?
E (min) = hf (min)
53
What is pair production?
When a photon is converted into an equal amount of matter and antimatter
54
When does pair production occur? (2)
When the photon has an energy greater than the total rest energy of both particles When a photon collides with a nucleus
55
What happens to excess energy in pair production?
It's converted into the kinetic energy of the particles
56
What is the minimum energy for a photon to undergo pair production?
E (min) = hf (min) = 2E
57
What are the four fundamental forces? (4)
The strong nuclear force The weak nuclear force Gravity Electromagnetic force
58
What is the weakest fundamental force?
Gravity
59
Which fundamental forces have an infinite range? (2)
Electromagnetic and Gravity
60
What is the range of the Weak nuclear force?
Up to 10^-18 m
61
What is the range of the Strong nuclear force?
10^-15 m
62
Which force is stronger, the Electromagnetic or the Weak nuclear force?
Electromagnetic
63
Which fundamental force only affects particles with mass?
Gravity
64
Which fundamental force only affects particles with charge?
Electromagnetic
65
Which fundamental force affects all particles?
Weak nuclear force
66
Which Which fundamental force only affects hadrons?
Strong nuclear force
67
What is the argument for exchange particles?
There cannot be instantaneous action at a distance when two particles interact
68
When two particles exert a force on one another .....
...... a virtual particle is created
69
What do exchange particles do?
Carry the fundamental force between each particle
70
What is the exchange particle for the Electromagnetic force?
A virtual photon
71
What are the exchange particles for the Weak nuclear force? (3)
W+ boson , W- boson , Z° boson
72
What is the exchange particle for the Strong nuclear force between nucleons?
Pions
73
What is the exchange particle for the Strong nuclear force between quarks?
gluons
74
What are examples of the weak interaction? (4)
β+ decay , β- decay, electron capture and electron - proton collision
75
What is the equation for β+ decay? and what is the exchange particle (left to right)?
p ----> n + e+ + Ve , W+ boson
76
What is the equation for β- decay? and what is the exchange particle (left to right)?
n ----> p + e- + Ve (anti) , W- boson
77
What is the equation for electron - proton collision? and what is the exchange particle (left to right)?
p + e- ----> n + Ve , W+ boson
78
Which is the only fundamental force that hadrons are subject to?
The strong interaction
79
What are the two classes of hadron? (2)
Baryons and mesons
80
What are the two types of Baryons? (2)
Protons and neutrons
81
What are the two types of mesons? (2)
Kaons and Pions
82
Baryon number is a ..... number
Quantum
83
What is a quantum number? (2)
A number which is always conserved and a whole number
84
What is the quark structure of a baryon?
qqq
85
What is the quark structure of a meson?
q (anti)q
86
Which baryon is the only stable baryon, which all other baryons will eventually decay into?
Proton
87
What particles do kaons eventually decay into?
Pions
88
What are the three types of Lepton? (3)
Electrons Muons Neutrinos
89
Leptons are ..... particles
fundamental
90
Which fundamental force do leptons not feel?
The strong interaction
91
Lepton number is a ..... number
Quantum
92
Lepton number is always conserved as which two numbers? (2)
Muon lepton number Electron lepton number
93
Muons eventually decay into what?
Electrons
94
What two properties make muons different to electrons? (2)
They are much heavier and unstable
95
Which interaction is strangeness produced by?
Strong
96
Strangeness is a .... number
Quantum
97
Strange particles decay via which interaction?
Weak
98
Why are strange particles always produced in pairs?
To conserve strangeness
99
Which interaction is strangeness conserved?
Strong
100
When strange particles decay strangeness can decay by .....
0 , +1 , -1
101
Particle physics relies on the ..... efforts of a range of teams of ..... and .... to validate new ......
Collaborative, Scientists and engineers, Knowledge
102
What is the strangeness of Positive and neutral kaons?
+1
103
What is the quark structure of a neutral pion? (2)
u (anti)u , d (anti)d
104
What is the strangeness of a negative kaon?
-1
105
What is the quark structure of a positive kaon?
u (anti)s
106
What is the quark structure of a negative kaon?
(anti)u s
107
What is the change in quark structure during beta minus decay?
d ---> u
108
What is the change in quark structure during beta plus decay?
u ---> d
109
Which six properties are always conserved in particle interactions? (6)
Energy Momentum Charge Baryon number Electron Lepton number Muon Lepton number

Physics Aqa (11 decks)

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