3.2.1.1 Structure of eukaryotic cells Flashcards
1
Q
Eukaryotic cells
Examples
A
Animal
Plant
Algae
Fungi
2
Q
Eukaryotic cells
Definition
A
A cell containing a membrane bound nucleus, and other membrane bound organelles
3
Q
Eukaryotic cells
Structure (contents)
A
- cell-surface membrane
- nucleus (containing chromosomes, consisting of protein-bound, linear DNA, and one or more nucleoli)
- mitochondria
- chloroplasts (in plants and algae)
- Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles
- lysosomes (a type of Golgi vesicle that releases lysozymes)
- ribosomes
- rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- cell wall (in plants, algae and fungi)
- cell vacuole (in plants)
4
Q
Animal cell
Structure (contents)
A
- cell-surface membrane
- cell-surface membrane
- mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles
- lysosomes (a type of Golgi vesicle that releases lysozymes)
- ribosomes
- rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
5
Q
Plant cell
Structure (contents)
A
- cell-surface membrane
- cell-surface membrane
- mitochondria
- chloroplasts
- Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles
- lysosomes (a type of Golgi vesicle that releases lysozymes)
- ribosomes
- rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- cell wall
- cell vacuole
6
Q
Fungi cell
Structure (contents)
A
- cell-surface membrane
- nucleus (containing chromosomes, consisting of protein-bound, linear DNA, and one or more nucleoli)
- mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles
- lysosomes (a type of Golgi vesicle that releases lysozymes)
- ribosomes
- rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- cell wall (made of chitin not cellulose )
7
Q
Algae cell
Structure (contents)
A
- cell-surface membrane
- cell-surface membrane
- mitochondria
- chloroplasts
- Golgi apparatus and Golgi vesicles
- lysosomes (a type of Golgi vesicle that releases lysozymes)
- ribosomes
- rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- cell wall
8
Q
Cell-surface membrane
Structure
A
- phospholipid bilayer
- fluid mosaic model
- mainly made of lipids and protein
9
Q
Cell-surface membrane
Function
A
- controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell (as is selectively permeable)
- receptor molecules respond to chemicals such as hormones
10
Q
Nucleus
Structure
A
- Nuclear envelope
- Nuclear pores
- Nucleoplasm
- Chromosomes
- Nucleolus
11
Q
Nucleus
Function (overall)
A
- controls cell activities e.g transcription of DNA
- contains instructions for protein synthesis
- makes ribosomes
- contain cells genetic information that can be transmitted to next generation
12
Q
Function of the nuclear envelope in the nucleus
A
- controls entry and exit molecules
- controls reactions within
13
Q
Function of nuclear pores in the nucleus
A
- allows passage of large molecules
- e.g. RNA to move from nucleus to cytoplasm
14
Q
Function of the nucleoplasm in the nucleus
A
- makes up bulk of nucleus
- structural support
15
Q
Function of chromosomes in the nucleus
A
-holds protein bound, linear DNA
16
Q
Function of the nucleolus in the nucleus
A
-produces ribosomal RNA and ribosomes
17
Q
Mitochondria
Structure
A
Double membrane
Cristae
Matrix
18
Q
Function of the double membrane in the mitochondria
A
-control entry and exit molecules
19
Q
Function of the double membrane in the mitochondria
A
-control entry and exit molecules
20
Q
Function of the cristae in the mitochondria
A
- Site of oxidative phosphorylation
- Larger surface area for enzymes and other respiration related proteins
21
Q
Function of the matrix in the mitochondria
A
- Site of link reaction and krebs cycle
- Contains enzymes and proteins involved in link reaction and Krebs cycle
- contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes to make them
22
Q
Mitochondria
Function (overall )
A
- aerobic respiration
- to produce ATP/provide energy
23
Q
Mitochondria
Abundancy
A
More abundant in more metabolically active cells
24
Q
EQ: Give one piece of evidence that supports the theory that mitochondria evolved from prokaryotic cells.
A
- circular DNA
- smaller (70S) ribosomes
- no introns
- no proteins (histones) associated with DNA
25
Chloroplasts
| Structure
```
Chloroplast envelope (double membrane)
Thylakoids
Grana (stacks of thylakoids, connected by lamellae)
Lamellae
Stroma (dense fluid inside chloroplast)
DNA/ribosomes
```
26
Function of the envelope in chloroplasts
- surrounds chloroplast
| - selects what enters and leaves
27
Function of the thylakoids in chloroplasts
- site of light-dependent stage of photosynthesis
- contains chlorophyll
- large SA for attachment of enzymes involved in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis
28
Function of the grana in chloroplasts
-absorbs light for the first stage of photosynthesis
29
Function of the lamellae in chloroplasts
-join grana
30
Function of the stroma in chloroplasts
- site of light-independent stage of photosynthesis (Calvin cycle)
- contains starch grains that store excess sugars
- contains enzymes for photosynthesis
- contains DNA and ribosomes to make them
31
Function of the DNA/ribosomes in chloroplasts
-quick and easy manufacturing of proteins needed for photosynthesis
32
Chloroplasts
| Function (overall)
- absorbs and uses light
- for photosynthesis
- to produce carbohydrates/sugars/lipids/protein
33
Golgi apparatus
| Structure
- double membrane
| - contains cisternae (membrane bound flattened sacs)
34
Golgi apparatus
| Function (overall)
- -processes and packages lipids and proteins
- packages proteins (into golgi vesicles)
- transports proteins (to cell surface/vacuole)
- modifies proteins ( adds carbohydrate group to proteins- synthesis of glycoproteins)
- transports lipids
- creates lysosomes and golgi vesicles
35
Function of cisternae in the golgi apparatus
-large surface area for synthesis of glycoproteins
36
Golgi vesicles
| Structure
- small fluid filled, membrane bound sac
- produced by golgi apparatus
- contains modified proteins and lipids
37
Golgi vesicles
| Function
-stores and transports proteins and lipids made by the golgi apparatus out of the cell, via the cell surface membrane
38
Lysosomes
| Structure
- small, round membrane bound organelle
- type of golgi vesicle
- contain digestive enzymes
- formed by golgi apparatus
39
Lysosomes
| Function
- hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytes
- digest worn out organelles
- break down dead cells
40
Ribosomes
| Structure
- made up of proteins and rRNA
| - large and small subunit
41
Ribosomes
| Types and location
-80S ribosomes: larger
└found in eukaryotic cells
-70S ribosomes: smaller
└found in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells (in mitochondria and chloroplasts)
42
Ribosomes
| Location in cell
- floats free in cytoplasm
| - attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
43
Ribosomes
| Function
-site of protein synthesis
44
Function of cisternae in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
-large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins
45
Function of ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
-site of protein synthesis
46
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
| Function (overall)
- protein and glycoprotein synthesis
| - secretes vesicles containing proteins and sends them to the golgi apparatus
47
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
| Structure
- made up of cisternae (fluid filled, membrane bound flattened sacs)
- double membrane
48
Function of cisternae in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-large surface area for the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates
49
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
| Function
-synthesises, stores and processes lipids (and carbohydrates)
-makes and transports, lipids, steroids and hormones
Ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis
-secretes vesicles containing lipids and carbohydrates and sends them to Golgi apparatus (processes them)
50
Cell wall
| Structure
-made of cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungi)
51
Cell wall
| Function
- rigid
- gives cell strength, shape and support
- prevents bursting (when water enters cell by osmosis)
52
Cell vacuole
| Structure
-fluid filled sac
└ contains sugars, salts, amino acids, waste and pigment.
-tonoplast (single membrane)
53
Cell vacuole
| Function
- contain cell sap (weak solution of sugars and salts)
- temporary food store
- pigment attracts pollinating insects
- isolates any unwanted chemicals
- maintains pressure inside cell
54
Cytoplasm
| Function
-site of chemical reactions
55
EQ: Structures found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells
- Capsule / glycocalyx / slime layer
- Circular / ring of / non-linear DNA / DNA without histones
- Plasmid
- Flagellum
- Pilus
- Small / less dense / 70s ribosomes
56
EQ: organelle that you would expect to find in large numbers in a mucus-secreting cell and describe its role in the production of mucus.
-Golgi (apparatus)
-Package/process proteins
OR
-Rough endoplasmic reticulum/ribosomes
-Make polypeptide/protein/forming peptide bonds
OR
-Mitochondria
-Release of energy/make ATP
OR
-Vesicles
-Secretion/transport of protein
57
Why do organelles in multicellular eukaryotic cells vary?
Cells become specialised to carry out specific function. A cell's shape and organelles helps it to carry out that specific function.
58
What is the organisation of cells?
- specialised cells are organised into tissues
- tissues into organs
- and organs into organ systems
59
Tissue
| Definition
- a group of cells
- or one or more types
- specialised to perform a particular function
60
Organ
| Definition
- a group of tissues
| - working together to perform a particular function
61
Organ system
| Definition
- a group of organs
| - working together to perform a particular function
62
EQ: Example of a plant tissue
xylem / phloem / epidermis / mesophyll / palisade / spongy mesophyll
