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Biochemistry > Chapter 1 - Biological Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Biological Organization Flashcards

0
Q

Which domain(s) include cells with nuclear membrane?

A

Eukarya

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1
Q

Which domain(s) include single cell organisms without a nuclear membrane?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

The domain bacteria includes everything that ends in -bacteria (Green nonsulfur bacteria, Gram+ bacteria, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, flavobacteria) AND what else?

A

Thermotogales

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3
Q

Archaea includes what?

A

METHANO- : -sarcina, -bacterium, -coccus
THERMO- : -proteus, -coccus
PYRODICTIUM & HALOPHILES

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4
Q

Eukarya includes what?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, slime molds, entamoebae, ciliates, flagellates, trichomonads, diplomonads, microsporidia

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5
Q

What’s the cell size of prokaryotic cells?

A

1-10 micrometers

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cells include which domains?

A

Bacteria & archaea (typically single-cell microorganisms)

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7
Q

What’s the purpose of flagella and pili?

A

Flagella for mobility and pili for adhesion

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8
Q

What is plasma membrane and and layers surrounding the plasma membrane called? It can be formed from what?

A

Cell envelope

Can be formed from membranes and peptidoglycans

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9
Q

What is enclosed by plasma membrane? What does it include?

A

Cytoplasm

Includes cytosol, nucleoid, cytoskeleton

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10
Q

Aqueous solution containing biomolecules in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Cytosol

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11
Q

Genetic material of prokaryotic cells, no membrane

A

Nucleoid

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12
Q

Made of protein, provides structure and organization to cytoplasm, is dynamic in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Supports cell, aids in movement of organelles

Protein filaments forming a meshwork

A

Cytoskeleton

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13
Q

What’s the function of the ribosomes?

A

They synthesize proteins from mRNA

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14
Q

What’s the most studied bacterium? What’s the size and how many ribosomes does it contain?

A

E.Coli
~ 2 micrometers long x 1 micrometers in diameter
Contains 15,000 ribosomes

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15
Q

What’s the size of eukaryotic cells?

A

5-100 micrometers

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16
Q

Outer membrane of eukaryotic cells is a dynamic structure of what?

A

Lipids and proteins

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17
Q

What contains the genetic material and is enclosed by a membrane in eukaryotic cells

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

What is enclosed by the outer membrane in eukaryotic cells?

A

Cytoplasm;

Includes cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton

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19
Q

Enclosed by inner membranes in eukaryotic cells?

Not found in prokaryotic cells!

A

Organelles

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20
Q

what segregates chromatin (DNA+protein) from cytoplasm?

A

Nuclear envelope

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21
Q

What separates the cell from the environment, regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell?

A

Plasma membrane

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22
Q

What oxidizes fuels to produce ATP?

A

Mitochondrion

23
Q

What is the site of much protein synthesis?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

24
Q

What is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis?

A

Nucleolus

25
Q

What is the site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

26
Q

What processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export?

A

Golgi Complex

27
Q

What shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane?

A

Transport vesicles

28
Q

What degrades intercellular debris?

A

Lysosomes

29
Q

What oxidizes fatty acids?

A

Peroxisome

30
Q

What harvests sunlight, produces ATP and carbohydrates?

A

Chloroplast

31
Q

What temporarily stores carbohydrate products of photosynthesis?

A

Starch granule

32
Q

Site of light-driven ATP synthesis

A

Thylakoids

33
Q

Provides shape and rigidity; protects cell from osmotic swelling

A

Cell wall

34
Q

Degrades and recycles macromolecules, stores metabolites

A

Vacuole

35
Q

Provides path between two plant cells

A

Plasmodesmata

36
Q

Contains enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle

A

Glyoxysome

37
Q

Name the 3 types of protein filaments

A

Actin filaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

38
Q

Size of actin filaments and what it is made of

A

6 nanometers;

Made from G-actin

39
Q

Size of intermediate filaments and what it is made of

A

10 nanometers;

Made from α-keratin

40
Q

Size of microtubules and what it is made of

A

23 nanometers;

Made from tubulin

41
Q

What did Miller-Urey experiment do?

A

Sparked a mixture of CH4, NH3, H2O, H2S, and H2 to yield a lot of different things including glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid

42
Q

What is the mass % of iron in men and women?

A

Men: 3.8 g
Women: 2.3 g

43
Q

4 major classes of biological macromolecules?

A

Nucleic acids (DNA)
Proteins (hemoglobin)
Lipids (phosphatidylcholine)
Polysaccharides (bacterial surface)

44
Q

Function of Nucleic acids

A

Store and transmit information

45
Q

Function of proteins

A

Structure & catalysis

46
Q

Function of lipids

A

Membranes & energy storage

47
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A

Energy storage, structure, surface recognition

48
Q

Carbon can form single bonds with _______, ________, and _________, and form single and double bonds with _______ and _________

A

Hydrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus

Oxygen
Nitrogen

49
Q

Amount of energy in a reaction at constant temperature and pressure

A

Gibbs Free Energy, G

50
Q

Heat of a reaction reflecting the number and kind of chemical bonds in reactants and products

A

Enthalpy, H

51
Q

Quantitative expression of randomness or disorder in a system

A

Entropy

52
Q

Change in free energy formula

A

∆G = ∆H - T∆S

53
Q

The set of metabolic pathways, requiring energy, construct molecules from smaller units

A

Anabolism

54
Q

The set of metabolic pathways that breakdown molecules into smaller units and release energy

A

Catabolism

55
Q

What is the RNA World Hypothesis?

A

That DNA was made from RNA, that RNA came first

Biochemistry (15 decks)

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