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Immunology / Microbiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Sterile URT tissues

A 
mastoid air cells
middle ear
sinuses
trachea
bronchi and bronchioles
alveoli
Conjunctiva - many surface organisms land here, but don't colonize
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2
Q

Normal flora in the nose

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Corynebacterium spp.

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3
Q

Normal flora in Nasopharynx

A

Streptococcus
Viridans group (S. mutans, S. mitis, S. milleri, and S. salivarius
Moraxella catarrhalis
Bacteroids

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4
Q

Seasonal pathogens of nasopharynx (when in high amounts during winter months)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Neisseria meningitides
Moraxella catarrhalis

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5
Q

Streptococcus

A

Gram positive cocci in chains
Catalase negative
Groups A - B

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6
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Group A
Beta hemolytic
Main cause of streptococcal pharyngitis

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7
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

A

Group B

Beta hemolytic

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8
Q

Streptococcus bovis

A

Group D

Not hemolytic

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9
Q

Enterococcus faecalis

A

Group D

Not considered Strep, but often grouped with them

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10
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Alpha hemolytic

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11
Q

Streptococcal pharyngitis

A

characterized by redness of the throat, patches of adhering pus, scattered tiny hemorrhages, fever
Primarily caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
Treat with penicillin or erythromycin

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12
Q

M protein

A

antiphagocytic
Essential for virulence in S. pyogenes
80 serotypes, not cross protective

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13
Q

S. pyogenes virulence factors

A

M protein

Capsule (not in all strains, inhibits phagocytosis)

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14
Q

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins

A

Super antigens (cause upregulation for massive immune response)
Nine proteins
Cause scarlet fever, toxic shock, necrotizing fasciitis,

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15
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes causes

A 
Pharyngitis
Scarlet fever
Acute rheumatic fever
Necrotizing fasciitis
Acute glomerulonephritis
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16
Q

Scarlet Fever

A

caused by SP Exotoxins release

Redness of skin and a white coating on tongue, desquamation of hands

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17
Q

Acute rheumatic fever

A

Caused by acute inflammatory process (cross reaction of our own immune response and previous S. pyogenes)
Fever, joint pain, chest pain, rash, skin nodules, uncontrollable jerky movements, can be fatal

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18
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis

A

Caused by SP Exotoxins release Skin infections, destruction of tissues

19
Q

Acute glomerulonephritis

A

Caused by S. pyogenes
Begins 1-4 weeks after pharyngitis in childhood, 3-6 weeks after skin infection
Deposition of antigen-antibody complex in glomeruli
Edema, hypertension, hematuria, proteinuria, decreased serum complement levels

20
Q

Diptheria

A

deadly toxin mediated disease
Mild sore throat, slight fever, high fatigue, malaise, neck swelling, whitish gray membrane on tonsils, throat and nasal cavity

21
Q

Diptheria can be controlled by

A

toxoid vaccine

22
Q

Diptheria is caused by

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

23
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

variable shape, non-motile, non-spore forming, Gram positive rod
Looks like chinese letters
Releases exotoxin that is lysogenized by bacteriophage in blood stream

24
Q

Diphteria toxin

A

released inactive
AB subunits
B - binds to host receptor
A - inactivation of EF-2, stop protein synthesis and induce cell death
Causes severe damage to heart, kidneys, and nerve cells

25
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis (Pinkeye) causes

A

Haemophilus influenzae (Gram negative rod)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Moraxella lacunata
Neisseria gonorrhoeae

26
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis prevention and treatment

A

Removed from school or daycare settings
Hand washing, rubbing eyes, common towels
Gentamicin or ciprofloxacin eye drops

27
Q

Otitis media/sinusitis causes

A

Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Alpha hemolysis)
Moraxella catarrhalis

28
Q

Alpha hemolysis

A

Incomplete hemolysis of RBC

Blood agar looks green

29
Q

Beta hemolysis

A

complete hemolysis of RBC blood agar plate is clear

30
Q

Chlamydophila

A

very small, obligate intracellular parasites

Part of Chlamydiaceae family

31
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis causes

A

trachoma, adult inclusion conjunctivitis, neonatal conjunctivitis, infant pneumonia, follicular conjunctivitis (diffuse inflammation), conjunctiva scarring, eyelids turn in and abrade the cornea

32
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis works through

A

direct destruction of host cells during replication & host inflammatory response
Organisms gain access to cells by minute abrasions or lacerations with granuloma formation

33
Q

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

A

causes of pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis

Most common in adults

34
Q

Chlamydophila psittaci

A

Causes parrot fever
Infection by respiratory tract bacteria can then spread to reticuloendothelial cells
Causes a lymphocytic inflammatory response on the alveolar and interstitial spaces

35
Q

Adult inclusion conjunctivitis

A

Acute follicular conjunctitis caused by C. trachomatis
Occurs in sexually active adults
Mucopurulent discharge, keratitis, corneal infiltrates, and some vascularization

36
Q

Neonatal conjunctivitis

A

Infants exposed to C. trachomatis at birth
5-12 days after birth eyelids swell
Untreated may last 12 months - conjunctival scarring and corneal vascularization occur
Can develop C. trachomatis pneumonia if untreated

37
Q

Infant pneumonia

A

caused by C. trachomatis
Onset 2-3 weeks after birth
Bronchitis with a dry cough, afebrile

38
Q

Symptoms of Common Cold

A

Rhinitis (inflammation of nasal mucosa)
Pharyngitis - sore throat
No high fever, LRT involvement, or respiratory distress

39
Q

Viruses associated with common cold

A

Rhinovirus, Coronavirus,

Plus others

40
Q

Rhinoviruses

A

Member of Picornavirus family
Small RNA (+ssRNA genome)
Non-enveloped
Over 100 serotypes in human population

41
Q

Rhinoviruses are transmitted through

A

shedding in respiratory secretions

Through direct contact with nasal secretions, large droplets, and contaminated fomites

42
Q

Rhinovirus pathology

A

Bind to cilia in nasal epithelium & absorb into cell

Replicates inside cell and damages cell - causes cell to detach

43
Q

Non-SARS coronaviruses

A

Coronaviruses
Enveloped
+ssRNA genome
Thick glycoprotein ring surrounding cell

Immunology / Microbiology (2 decks)

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