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Orthopaedics & Rheumatology > Intro to Ortho & Rheum > Flashcards

Intro to Ortho & Rheum Flashcards

1
Q

What is orthopedics?

A

The study of the musculoskeletal system: bones, ligaments, joints, muscles, tendons, nerves

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2
Q

What is rheumatology?

A

A sub-specialty of internal medicine and pediatrics devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of rheumatic disease

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3
Q

Functions of the musculoskeletal system.

A
  1. movement
  2. structural support
  3. protection of organs
  4. storage of minerals
  5. hematopoiesis
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4
Q

Epiphysis

A

End portion of the bone, typically no marrow, made of cancellous (spongy) bone.

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5
Q

Metaphysis

A

Wider portion of bone between diaphysis and epiphysis.

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6
Q

Physis

A

Zone of growth aka growth plate

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7
Q

Diaphysis

A

Long portion of the bone (shaft). Contains the medullary canal - site of erythropoiesis

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8
Q

Osteocytes

A

the living unit of bone

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9
Q

Osteoblasts

A

help build bone tissue. when over produced, create bone spurs.

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10
Q

Osteoclasts

A

break down bone tissue

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11
Q

Articular cartilage

A

facilitates smooth movement between two bones. found at joint spaces

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12
Q

Periosteum

A

found on the outside of all bones, except at joint articulation. has pain receptors and provides nurishment to bone through blood supply

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13
Q

Diarthrodial (synovial) joint

A

joints are freely mobile.

  • ball and socket joints (hip and shoulder)
  • hinge joints (elbow)
  • condyloid (knee)
  • saddle (thumb)
  • pivot (radius/ulna articulation)
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14
Q

Amphiarthrodial (fibrocartilaginous) joint

A

joints allow some movement

- costosternal, symphysis pubis, acromioclavicular

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15
Q

Synarthrodial Joints

A

no movement

- cranial sutures

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16
Q

Flexion

A

bending of a joint or shortening of a flexor muscle

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17
Q

Extension

A

straightening of a joint or shortening of an extensor muscle

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18
Q

Pronation

A

rotating palm downward or feet rotating inward

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19
Q

Supination

A

rotating palm upward or feet rotating outward

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20
Q

Abduction

A

move away from the midline

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21
Q

Adduction

A

move toward the midline

22
Q

Inversion

A

move inward

23
Q

Eversion

A

move outward

24
Q

Varus (bowlegged)

A

distal extremity is ‘inward’

25
Q

Valgus (knock-kneed)

A

distal extremity is ‘outward’

26
Q

Plane of the Human Body

A
  1. Sagittal Plane: divides the body in half vertically
  2. Coronal Plane: divides the body from front to back
  3. Transverse (axial) plane: divides the body into top and bottom
27
Q

Fracture

A

disruption of the cortex of bone resulting in cracking, splintering, or bisecting. characterized by whether they are open/closed, the bone involved, type of fracture, displacement, and location of fracture

28
Q

Dislocation

A

Occurs when the joint between two bones separates, usually from excessive tension to or disruption of supporting ligaments

29
Q

Sprain

A

Stretching of ligaments from excessive force. Grade 1 partial tear but stable, Grade 2 partial tear with some instability, Grade 3 involves complete tear with joint opening when stressed

30
Q

Strain

A

stretching or partial tearing of the muscle-tendon unit from excessive force

31
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

32
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

Diagonal to the long axis of the bone

33
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

caused by a twisting injury

34
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

fracture through one cortex

35
Q

Torus Fracture

A

buckling of the cortex

36
Q

Avulsion Fracture

A

caused by a tendon or ligament pulling a piece of bone off

37
Q

Stress Fracture

A

caused by a non-traumatic, cumulative overload of a bone

38
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

“crushed” commonly seen in conjunction with other fracture types

39
Q

Open Fracture

A

bone exposed through skin

40
Q

Segmental Fracture

A

free floating segment of bone. butterfly fragment. concerned with blood supply

41
Q

Salter-Harris I

A

Fracture through the physis

42
Q

Salter-Harris II

A

Fracture through the physis with extension to the metaphysis

43
Q

Salter-Harris III

A

Fracture through the physis with extension to the epiphysis

44
Q

Salter-Harris IV

A

Fracture through the metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis

45
Q

Salter-Harris V

A

Crush injury to the physis

46
Q

Compartment Syndrome

A
  • Elevated pressure in a closed muscle compartment
  • Due to injury, commonly crushing compartment. also ischemia or anoxia
  • Most common in anterior tibia and volar forearm
  • Normal pressure ~120mmHg. Compartment pressure ~30mmHg
  • Emergent fasciotomy indicated
47
Q

Seven P’s of Compartment Syndrome

A

Pain, pallor, paresthesias, paresis, poikilothermia, pressure, pulselessness

48
Q

Tendonitis/Synovitis/Tenosynovitis

A
  • Painful inflammation of a tendon and/or the synovial tissue around then tendon
  • Associated with overuse injuries or acute injuries
  • Common in shoulder (cuff), elbow (epicondylitis), wrist, knee (patellar), ankle (achilles)
49
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursa due to overuse injuries or local trauma. common around the shoulder (subacromial bursa), hip (greater trochanteric bursitis), elbow (alecranon bursitis), and knee (prepatellar and pes anserine bursitis)

50
Q

Corticosteroid Injections

A

mainstay in treatment of many musculoskeletal conditions. thought to cause a decrease in inflammation of synovial tissue. can also be used in extra-atricular areas like bursae, tendon sheathes, epidural space. Minimal systemic response

Orthopaedics & Rheumatology (5 decks)

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