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Human Geography: CUE > 3.2.3.6 - Waste Disposal (Semakau + Amager Bakke) > Flashcards

3.2.3.6 - Waste Disposal (Semakau + Amager Bakke) Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Where is Semakau Landfill?

A

Singapore

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2
Q

What is the population of Singapore?

A

5.6 million

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3
Q

Why are such large amounts of waste produced in Singapore?

A

Due to the urban nature of the entire city

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4
Q

How has waste output increased in Singapore?

A

From approx 1300 tonnes/ day 1970
8500 tonnes/ day in 2016
6X INCREASE

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5
Q

How much of its waste does Singapore recycle?

A

More than half

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6
Q

What waste disposal method has SIngapore adopted?

A

Waste-to-energy as ut incinerates rubbish to generate electricity

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7
Q

How much does incineration reduce the volume of waste by?

A

90%

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8
Q

Where is the 10% of non-combustile waste and ash sent?

A

To the Semakau Landfill

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9
Q

Why is Semakau unique?

A

It is Singapore’s only landfill

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10
Q

How are environmental impacts reduced at the incineration plants?

A

They are fitted with electrostatic precipitators, lime injectors, and fabric filters to treat and clean flue gas from the combustion process

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11
Q

What is heat from incineration used for?

A

Generating steam in boilers, which drive turbines and produce electricity

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12
Q

How much electricity was generated by incineration plants in 2005?

A

938,000 MWh

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13
Q

What area does the Semakau landfill cover?

A

350 hectares

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14
Q

What capacity does the Semakau landfill have?

A

63 million m3

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15
Q

How was the Semakau landfill created?

A

The island was dug out with a 7km perimetre embankment

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16
Q

What was the Semakau embankment lined with?

A

An impermeable mebrane to prevent lechate entering the sea

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17
Q

What happens to leachate generated at the Semakau plant?

A

It is treated in a dedicated leachate treatment plant to national discharge standards, and the effluent is discharged into the sea

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18
Q

What happened in July 2005?

A

The landfill was opened for recreational activities and now receives thousands of visitors

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19
Q

What was planted around Semakau island?

A

13.6 hectares of mangroves to replace those uprooted during the constrcution of the landfill

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20
Q

What is located around the perimeter bund of Semakau island?

A

A network of monitoring wells to indicate pollution should there be a leak in the impermeable membrane

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21
Q

How do the mangroves aid Semakau island?

A

They act as secondary indicators of pollution should there be a leak

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22
Q

What happens when the Semakau landfill cell is filled to ground level?

A

It is covered with earth and grass to allow a new ecosystem to thrive

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23
Q

What is Amager Bakke?

A

A combined heat and power (CHP) complex built on the outskirts of Copenhagen, one of the largest waste-to-energy plants in northern Europe.

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24
Q

As well as being a CHP what does Amager Bakke also serve as?

A

The complex also serves a recreational and an environmental education centre

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25
Where does the Amager Bakke waste-to-energy plant get its waste to burn?
The plant burns waste collected from 700,000 inhabitants and 46,000 companies
26
What is Amager Bakke's capacity?
It has the capacity to treat 400,000t of waste annually to produce electricity and heat for 150,000 homes in Copenhagen
27
What is on Amager Bakke plant roof?
A dry ski slope built with an investment of $12.2m - opened October 2019
28
What was the construction period for Amager Bakke?
The project started in March 2013, and was completed in 2017
29
How much did Amager Bakke cost to build?
$611 million
30
Who developed the Amager Bakke waste-to-energy plant?
Amager Resource centre (A Copenhagen-based waste management company)
31
How many trucks of rubbish does Amager Bakke receive a day?
350 trucks
32
What does Amager Bakke release?
ONLY STEAM
33
With the current rate, how much waste will the Uk produce?
45 million tonnes of waste anually
34
what is unregulated waste disposal?
Not controlled or supervised by regulation of law. Can be burning or dumping of rubbish. Most commonly occurs as fly-tipping in HIC's and is common in LIC's as little organised refuse collection
35
What is recycling?
Process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects
36
What is waste recovery?
Using waste as an input material to create valuable products
37
WHat is waste incineration?
Using high-temperature burning to get rid of waste
38
What is landfill/ burial waste disposal?
Pits are filled with waste. When they are full they are covered with soil to decompose
39
What is submergence waste disposal?
Dumping waste in the sea - illegal according to international convention and contravenes UN law
40
what are the advantages of unregulated waste disposal?
- Cheap for the disposer - Gets the waste away from more affluent areas to maintain their attractiveness
41
what are the advantages of recycling?
- Less pollution - Less raw materials needed - Less waste to landfill
42
what are the advantages of waste recovery?
- Less pollution - Less 'new' raw material needed - Encourages new business enterprises - Customers can sometimes make money for 'trade in' - Reduces initial cost of material for companies
43
What are the advantages of incineration?
- Produces heat which can create power - Prevents production of methane from landfill - Can remove waste up to 90% - Reduces need to trade waste and ship elsewhere to landfill
44
What are the adavatages of Landfill/ burial waste disposal?
- Modern landfills can be eco-friendly once they have been filled - Keep hazardous waste separate from the landfill - Some gases given off can be used as a source of energy
45
What are the advantages of submergence waste disposal?
- Cheap - Singapore has been incinerating much of its waste since 1999 and sending the ash to an offshore landfill called Semakau. This has been formed by the building of a dike in a shallow sea. It is lined with an impermeable membrane to stop leakage. Each call is covered with a layer of earth into which grass and tree roots ultimately
46
What are the disadvantages of unregulated waste disposal?
- Breading ground for vermin and insects, which can spread diseases - Contamination of groundwater from leachate - Air pollution from burning waste
47
What are the disadvantages of recycling?
- Some materials are expensive to recycle- Some materials are not able to be recycled - Humans have to want to recycle (care) - Unclean items may ruin an entire 'batch ' of recycling
48
What are the disadvantages of waste recovery?
- Not all bits of everything can be recovered - Does not remove waste from the system... might just delay when it goes to landfill
49
What are the disadvantages of waste incineration?
- High cost - Depending on where it is burnt it MIGHT produce higher toxin release - Could have health and environmental risk
50
What are the disadvantages of landfill/ burial of waste?
- SOme of the gases are pollutants and flamable - MAkes the land unesable - No one wants t olive near one! - Once it is full it cannot be re-used
51
What are the disadvantages of submergence?
Dumping radioactive and hazardous waste off the coast of Somalia as the country lacks strong governance. The development of the GPGP (global pacific garbage patch) a floating island of mainly plastic. The GPGP covers an estimated surface area of 1.6 million square km, an areas x2 the size of Texas
52
What is municipal waste?
comes from municipal services and activities such as street cleaning
53
What is municiapl solid waste?
Includes solid domestic waste and commercial waste
54
What are the impacts of increasing waste?
- Multiple risks to human health, respiratory and ksin problems - Air pollution due to emissions and relase of methane - Contamination of water sources - Loss of recyclable resources, metals, plastics and glass
55
What is a waste stream?
A flow of waste, from where it is created to where it ends up, in landfill, recycled etc
56
WHat are the social issues with waste in Mumbai?
- No method of safe disposal from E-waste, can lead to serious health issues - Large network of scrap traders who sift through rubbish and sell it - People who work breaking down Pcs and monitors exposed to harmful toxic chemicals
57
What is the concentration of particulate matter in the air in Mumbai?
2000 microgasms/m3 compared to the safe levek of 150
58
Which gases are in high concentration in Mumbai?
Carbon monoxide
59
Why is rubbish often dumped in the street in Mumbai?
There is no formal system for rubbish collection
60
What is residential waste?
From single and multi-family dwellings: food waste, paper, cardboard, textiles etc
61
What is industrial waste?
Light and heavy manufacturing: housekeeping waste, packaging, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ash etc
62
WHat is commercial waste?
Shops, hotels, resteraunts: paper, cardboard, plastic, food waste, glas, metals etc
63
WHat is institutional waste?
School, hospitals, prisons: paper, cardboard, plastic, food, glass, metals etc
64
What is construction/demolition waste?
New construction sites, road repair, demolition, renovation: wood, steel, concrete, dirt etc
65
What is municiapl service waste?
Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, recreation: street sweepings, tree trimmings, general waste, sludge etc
66
What is process waste?
solid waste resulting from an industrial/manufacturing e.g scrap materials, chemical waste
67
What is agricultural waste§?
Crops, orchards, farms: food waste, agricultural waste, hazardous wastes e.g pesticides
68
How much electronic waste is produced in Mumbai annually?
19,000 tonnes
69
How much rubbish does Mumbai's population created per day?
8500 tonnes
70
Why is waste collection difficult for low-income countries?
In can be the single largest budgetary item, so often can't be afforded
71
What % of waste in LIC did the World `bank estimate was uncollected?
30-60%
72
Why was Beirut in a political crisis in 2015?
The overflowing landfill was closed and rubbish was left to pile up in the streets and rivers, leading to protests
73
What were the government targets for recycling?
To recycle 40% of household waste by 2012

Human Geography: CUE (16 decks)

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