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Neuroscience Exam 1 > Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve Tissue - Composition

A

Nerve tissue is composed of cells (neurons) that are specialized for conveying information, as well as support cells (called glial cells)

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2
Q

Neurons: Neuron doctrine

A

Neuron doctrine: released in 1891; stated that individual neurons are the signaling elements of the nervous system

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3
Q

Neurons: How many are there in the human body?

A

There are over 100 billion neurons in the human body of varying size and shape

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4
Q

Neurons: Function

What is the function of Neurons?

A

Neurons receive, process, and transmit signals using electrical and chemical mechanisms

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5
Q

Neurons: Function

What do electrical signals typically convey?

A

Electrical signals typically convey information rapidly from one part of a neuron to another

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6
Q

Neurons: Function

What do chemical signals typically convey?

A

Chemical signals typically carry information between one part of a neuron and a part of a second neuron or effector cell (muscle cells, glandular cells, and cardiac cells)

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7
Q

Regions of the neuron

Why are neurons structured into regions?

A

So that organelles can be distributed in a pattern that supports neuronal function

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8
Q

Neuron Regions: Cell body

A

AKA Perikaryon

Contains the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm

Does NOT include the cell processes

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9
Q

Neuron Regions: Cell Body - Structure

Nucleus

A

Large and spherical in shape

Euchromatic (this means that this part of the cell body is pale staining, which indicates that it is active in RNA synthesis) with a prominent nucleolus

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10
Q

Neuron Regions: Cell Body - Structure

Cytoplasm

A

Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER and NIssl Substance) and polysomes

Well developed golgi apparatus (post office of the cell)

Numerous mitochondria

Has a well developed cytoskeleton (most distinguishing feature)

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11
Q

Neuron Regions: Cell Body - Function

A

Trophic (of or retaliating to nutrition) center of the cell

Receptive to stimuli

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12
Q

Neuron Regions: Dendrites

A

Elongated processes emanating from the cell body

Most neurons have numerous dendrites

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13
Q

Neuron Regions: Dendrites

Structure

A

Short, tapered, and highly branched

Cytoplasm has organelles similar to the cell body except there are no golgi complexes

Dendritic spines are specializations that are located at some synapses

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14
Q

Neuron Regions: Dendrites

Function

A

Receptive to Stimuli

Transmit signals towards the cell body

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15
Q

Neuron Regions: Axons

A

Elongated processes emanating from the cell body

Most Neurons have only one axon

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16
Q

Neuron Regions: Axons

Structure

A

Long, cylindrical (no tapering), and not highly branched

Cytoplasm has organelles similar to the cell body excet there is no RER or polysomes

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17
Q

Neuron Regions: Axons

Structure - Axon Hillock

A

Pyramid shaped region where the axon emanates from the cell body

Devoid of Nissl Substance (appears lighter in a stain)

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18
Q

Neuron Regions: Axons

Structure - Terminal Arborization

A

Branched distal portion of the axon

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19
Q

Neuron Regions: Axons

Function

A

Generate and conduct signals

Receptive to stimuli

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20
Q

Neuron Regions: Presynaptic Terminal

A

aka Terminal Bouton or Terminal Bud

Dilated termination of the axon on another cell at the chemical synapse

This region has NO myelin sheath

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21
Q

Neuron Regions: Presynaptic Terminal

Structure - Cytoplasm

A

Organelles are similar to the cell body except there are more mitochondria and there are small, spherical, membrane bounded synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Neuron Regions: Presynaptic Terminal

Structure - Active Zones

A

Regions along the presynaptic membrane concentrated with voltage-gated calcium channels and synaptic vessicles

23
Q

Neuron Regions: Presynaptic Terminal

Function

A

Signal transmission to another cell

24
Q

Neuron Molecular Transport systems

Composition and Function

A

They are composed of the well developed cytoskeleton of the neuron and are responsible for the transport of substances between the cell body and the axon and its terminals.

They can transport substances at slow (.2 - 4 mm/day), intermediate, and fast (20 - 400 mm/day) speeds

25
Q

Neuron Molecular Transport systems

Anterograde

A

Carries material (i.e. organelles, macromolecules) from the cell body to the periphery

26
Q

Neuron Molecular Transport systems

Retrograde

A

Carries material (i.e. toxins, viruses) from the periphery to the cell body.

That’s how AIDS travles

27
Q

Neuron Categories: Motor (Efferent) Neurons

Function

A

Control effector organs (i.e. muscles, glands)

28
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Functional Roles): Motor (Efferent) Neurons

General Somatic Efferent (GSE)

A

Motor Innervation to skeletal muscles deirved from myotomes

29
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Functional Roles): Motor (Efferent) Neurons

General Visceral Efferent (GVE)

A

Motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

30
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Functional Roles): Motor (Efferent) Neurons

Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)

A

Motor innervation to skeletal muscles derived from pharyngeal arches

31
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Functional Roles): Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

Function

A

Receive sensory stimuli through specialized nerve endings called receptors

32
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Functional Roles): Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

General Somatic Afferent (GSA)

A

Sensory input from structures associated with the body wall and extremities

33
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Functional Roles): Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

General Visceral Afferent (GVA)

A

Sensory input from the viscera, including smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

34
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Functional Roles): Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)

A

Sensory input from structures associated with the senses of vision, hearing, and balance

35
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Functional Roles): Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)

A

Sensory input from structures associated with the senses of smell and taste

36
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Functional Roles): Interneurons

A

Connect other neurons

Most numerous

37
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Functional Roles): Interneurons

Local

A

All processes confined in a small area

38
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Functional Roles): Interneurons

Projection

A

Long axons connecting different areas

39
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Size and Shape of neuronal Processes): Multipolar

A

The cell body has multiple dendrites and only one axon

These are the most common.

Motor and interneurons are multipolar

Example: Alphamotor Neurons

40
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Size and Shape of neuronal Processes): Bipolar

A

There is one dendrite and one axon

These neurons are sensory

This is the developmental stage of most neurons

Example: Special sense organs (ie retina, olfactory epithelium, vestibular system, etc.)

41
Q

Neuron Categories (Based on Size and Shape of neuronal Processes): Pseudounipolar

A

These neurons have a single process that is close to the cell body and divides into 2 branches: a central and a peripheral axon.

These cells don’t have dendrites.

These neurons are sensory

Example: dorsal root ganglia - The peripheral axon goes from the input to the cell body and the central axon goes form the cell body to the spinal cord

42
Q

Glial Cells: Overview

How many are there as compared to neurons? What do they look like?

A

10 times more abundant in the mamillian brain than neurons; they vary greatly in size and shape

43
Q

Glial Cells: Function

A

They surround and support the neurons.

They do not participate directly in synaptic interactions and electrical signaling.

44
Q

Glial Cells: Macroglia

Astrocytes (Types, function, location)

A

Astrocytes are the most common form of macroglia

Types: Protoplasmic, Fibrous

Function: Structural support, iconic homeostasis, neurotransmitter uptake, repair process, blood brain barrier, secrete growth factors

Location: CNS

45
Q

Glial Cells: Macroglia

Radial glial astrocytes

A

Function: Guide migrating neurons and direct outgrowth of axons (help guide axons to their target cells)

Location: Developing CNS

46
Q

Glial Cells: Macroglia

Oligodendrocytes (Function, Location)

A

Function: Myelin production - they are capable of myelinating several internodes on several axon in the CNS; oligodendrocytes that do not produce myelin are called SATELLITE CELLS and are associated with neuronal cell bodies.

Location: CNS

47
Q

Glial Cells: Macroglia

Schwann Cels (Function, Location)

A 
Function: 
Myelin production - they are capable of myelinateding only one internode on one axon in the PNS
Ensheath axons (with or without myelin)
Schwann cells that do not ensheath axons are called SATELLITE CELLS and are associated with neuronal cell bodies.

Location: PNS

48
Q

Glial Cells: Microglia

A

Function: Macrophagic activity

Location: CNS

49
Q

Glial Cells: Ependymal cells

A

Function: Line cavities (cavities are called ventricles)

Location: CNS

**these are sometimes considered epithelial cells

50
Q

Myelin Sheath: Structure

A

Segmented, multilamellar, lipid rich, wrapping of axons

51
Q

Myelin Sheath: Structure

What types of cells form the myelin sheath?

A

Formed by the plasma membranes of oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

52
Q

Myelin Sheath: Structure

Internode

A

A single segment of myelin sheath on an axon

53
Q

Myelin Sheath: Structure

Node of Ranvier

A

An interval at which the axon is not covered by a myelin sheath; located between internodes.

54
Q

Myelin Sheath: Function

A

Provides electrical insulation.

Increases the speed of impulse conduction by saltatation, a method whereby the action potential jumps (or saltates) from node to node

Neuroscience Exam 1 (10 decks)

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