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Medical Terminology > Chapter 14 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

takes place in the mouth by chewing and in the stomach by churning actions.

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2
Q

Chemical digestion

A

takes place in the mouth by the addition of the saliva and continues in the stomach with the addition of digestive juices to chemically break down the food into simpler elements.

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3
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

group of muscles that regulates the opening and closing of the stomach entrance

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4
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

Located at the bottom of the ileum; sphincter muscle that relaxes to allow undigested and unabsorbed food material into the large intestine in fairly regular waves.

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5
Q

hepatic flexure

A

right-angle bend of the colon under the liver

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6
Q

splenic flexure

A

right-angle bend toward the spleen.

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7
Q

hepatic portal system

A

group of blood vessels that transports blood and other substances to and from the liver

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8
Q

absorption

A

Passing of nutrients into the bloodstream.

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9
Q

alimentary canal

A

Muscular tube from the mouth to the anus; digestive tract; gastrointestinal tract.

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10
Q

amino acid

A

Chemical compound that results from digestion of complex proteins.

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11
Q

amylase

A

Enzyme that is part of pancreatic juice and saliva and that begins the digestion of carbohydrates.

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12
Q

anal canal

A

Part of the digestive tract extending from the rectum to the anus.

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13
Q

anus

A

Place at which feces exit the body.

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14
Q

appendage

A

Any body part (inside or outside) either subordinate to a larger part or having no specific central function.

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15
Q

appendix

A

Wormlike appendage to the cecum.

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16
Q

bile

A

yellowish-brown to greenish fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in fat digestion.

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17
Q

bilirubin

A

Pigment contained in bile.

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18
Q

body

A

Middle section of the stomach.

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19
Q

bowel

A

Intestine.

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20
Q

cecum

A

pouch at the top of the large intestine connected to the bottom of the ileum.

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21
Q

cheeks

A

Walls of the oral cavity.

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22
Q

chyme

A

Semisolid mass of partially digested food and gastric juices that passes from the stomach to the small intestine.

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23
Q

colon

A

Major portion of the large intestine.

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24
Q

defecation

A

Release of feces from the anus.

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25
Q

deglutition

A

Swallowing.

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26
Q

digestion

A

Conversion of food into nutrients for the body and into waste products for release from the body.

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27
Q

duodenum

A

Top part of the small intestine where chyme mixes with bile, pancreatic juices, and intestinal juice to continue the digestive process.

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28
Q

elimination

A

The conversion of waste material from a liquid to a semisolid and removal of that material via defecation.

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29
Q

emulsification

A

Breaking down of fats.

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30
Q

enzyme

A

Protein that causes chemical changes in substances in the digestive tract.

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31
Q

regurgitation

A

Backward flow from the normal direction; emesis

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32
Q

epiglottis

A

Movable flap of tissue that covers the trachea.

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33
Q

esophagus

A

part of alimentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach.

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34
Q

fatty acid

A

acid derived from fat during the digestive process.

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35
Q

feces

A

Semisolid waste that moves through the large intestine to the anus, where it is released from the body.

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36
Q

frenulum

A

Mucous membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

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37
Q

fundus

A

Upper portion of the stomach.

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38
Q

gallbladder

A

Organ on lower surface of liver; stores bile.

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39
Q

glucose

A

Sugar found in fruits and plants and stored in various parts of the body.

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40
Q

glycogen

A

Starch that can be converted into glucose.

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41
Q

gums

A

Fleshy sockets that hold the teeth.

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42
Q

hard palate

A

Hard anterior portion of the palate at the roof of the mouth

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43
Q

ileum

A

Bottom part of the small intestine that connects to the large intestine.

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44
Q

jejunum

A

Middle section of the small intestine.

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45
Q

large intestine

A

Passageway in intestinal tract for waste received from small intestine to be excreted through the anus; also, place where water reabsorption takes place.

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46
Q

lingual tonsils

A

Two mounds of lymph tissue at the back of the tongue.

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47
Q

lipase

A

enzyme contained in pancreatic juice.

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48
Q

lips

A

Two muscular folds formed around the outside boundary of the mouth.

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49
Q

liver

A

Organ important in digestive and metabolic functions; secretes bile.

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50
Q

mastication

A

Chewing.

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51
Q

mesentery

A

Membranous tissue that attaches small and large intestines to the muscular wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen.

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52
Q

mouth

A

Cavity in the face in which food and water is ingested.

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53
Q

palatine tonsils

A

Mounds of lymphatic tissue on either side of the pharynx.

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54
Q

pancreas

A

Digestive organ that secretes digestive fluids; endocrine gland that regulates blood sugar.

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55
Q

papilla (pl., papillae)

A

Tiny projection on the superior surface of the tongue that contains taste buds.

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56
Q

pepsin

A

Digestive enzyme in gastric juice.

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57
Q

peristalsis

A

Coordinated, rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that force food through the digestive tract.

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58
Q

pharynx

A

Tube through which food passes to the esophagus.

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59
Q

pylorus

A

Narrowed bottom part of the stomach.

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60
Q

rectum

A

Bottom portion of large intestine; connected to anal canal.

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61
Q

rugae

A

Folds in stomach lining; irregular ridges of mucous membrane on the hard palate.

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62
Q

saliva

A

Fluid secreted by salivary glands; contains amylase.

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63
Q

salivary glands

A

Glands in the mouth that secrete fluids that aid in breaking down food.

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64
Q

sigmoid colon

A

S-shaped part of large intestine connecting at the bottom to the rectum.

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65
Q

small intestine

A

Twenty-foot long tube that continues the process of digestion started in the stomach; place where most absorption takes place.

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66
Q

soft palate

A

Soft posterior part of the palate in the mouth.

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67
Q

stomach

A

Large sac between the esophagus and small intestine; place where food is broken down.

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68
Q

stool

A

Feces.

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69
Q

throat

A

Pharynx.

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70
Q

tongue

A

Fleshy part of the mouth that moves food during mastication (and speech).

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71
Q

uvula

A

Cone-shaped projection hanging down from soft palate.

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72
Q

villus (pl., villi)

A

tiny, fingerlike projection on the lining of the small intestine with capillaries through which digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.

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73
Q

an(o)

A

anus

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74
Q

append(o), appendic(o)

A

appendix

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75
Q

bil(o), bili

A

bile

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76
Q

bucc(o)

A

cheek

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77
Q

cec(o)

A

cecum

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78
Q

celi(o)

A

abdomen

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79
Q

chol(e), cholo

A

bile

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80
Q

cholangi(o)

A

bile vessel

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81
Q

cholecyst(o)

A

gallbladder

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82
Q

choledoch(o)

A

common bile duct

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83
Q

col(o), colon(o)

A

colon

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84
Q

duoden(o)

A

duodenum

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85
Q

enter(o)

A

intestines

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86
Q

esophag(o)

A

esophagus

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87
Q

gastr(o)

A

stomach

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88
Q

gloss(o)

A

tongue

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89
Q

gluc(o)

A

glucose

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90
Q

glyc(o)

A

sugar

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91
Q

glycogen(o)

A

glycogen

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92
Q

hepat(o)

A

liver

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93
Q

ile(o)

A

ileum

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94
Q

jejun(o)

A

jejunum

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95
Q

labi(o)

A

lip

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96
Q

lingu(o)

A

tongue

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97
Q

or(o)

A

mouth

98
Q

pancreat(o)

A

pancreas

99
Q

periton(eo)

A

peritoneum

100
Q

pharyng(o)

A

pharynx

101
Q

proct(o)

A

anus, rectum

102
Q

pylor(o)

A

pylorus

103
Q

rect(o)

A

rectum

104
Q

sial(o)

A

saliva, salivary gland

105
Q

sialaden(o)

A

salivary gland

106
Q

sigmoid(o)

A

sigmoid colon

107
Q

steat(o) fats

A

steat(o) fats

108
Q

stomat(o) mouth

A

stomat(o) mouth

109
Q

ALT, AT alanine transaminase

A

ALT, AT alanine transaminase

110
Q

AST aspartic acid transaminase

A

AST aspartic acid transaminase

111
Q

BE barium enema

A

BE barium enema

112
Q

BM bowel movement

A

BM bowel movement

113
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

114
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

115
Q

GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease

116
Q

GI

A

gastrointestinal

117
Q

IBD

A

IBD

118
Q

IBS

A

IBS

119
Q

NG

A

nasogastric

120
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth

121
Q

SGOT

A

serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase

122
Q

SGPT

A

serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase

123
Q

TPN

A

total parenteral nutrition

124
Q

UGI(S)

A

upper gastrointestinal (series)

125
Q

stool culture and sensitivity test (C & S)

A

used to try out different medications on microorganisms to check for effectiveness.

126
Q

chemical test of a stool specimen (hemoccult test or stool guaiac)

A

indicates whether there is bleeding in the digestive tract.

127
Q

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

A

procedure used to examine the biliary ducts with x-ray, a contrast medium, and the use of an endoscope.

128
Q

serum bilirubin

A

measures bilirubin in the blood as an indicator of jaundice.

129
Q

alkaline phosphatase

A

reveals levels of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in serum as an indicator of liver disease, especially liver cancer.

130
Q

nasogastric (NG) tube

A

passed through the nose to the stomach to relieve fluid buildup or to take stomach content samples for analysis; This process is called nasogastric intubation.

131
Q

cholangiography

A

X-ray of the bile ducts.

132
Q

cholecystography

A

X-ray of the gallbladder.

133
Q

colonoscopy

A

Examination of the colon using an endoscope.

134
Q

esophagoscopy

A

Examination of the esophagus with an esophagoscope.

135
Q

gastroscopy

A

Examination of the stomach using an endoscope.

136
Q

peritoneoscopy

A

Examination of the abdominal cavity using a peritoneoscope.

137
Q

proctoscopy

A

examination of the rectum and anus using a proctoscope.

138
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

Examination of the sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope.

139
Q

Esophageal varices

A

twisted veins in the esophagus that are prone to hemorrhage and ulcers.

140
Q

choledocholithiasis

A

The presence of gallstones in the common bile duct

141
Q

hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.

142
Q

inguinal hernia

A

protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall

143
Q

strangulated hernia

A

one in which blood flow is restricted or absent.

144
Q

femoral hernia

A

protrusion of a loop of intestine into the femoral canal.

145
Q

umbilical hernia

A

protrusion of part of the intestine into the umbilicus.

146
Q

incarcerated hernia

A

one in which movement of bowel is restricted or obstructed.

147
Q

achalasia

A

Inability of a muscle, particularly the cardiac sphincter, to relax.

148
Q

achlorhydria

A

Lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

149
Q

anal fistula

A

Small opening in the anal canal through which waste matter can leak into the abdominal cavity.

150
Q

ankyloglossia

A

Condition of the tongue being partially or completely attached to the bottom of the mouth.

151
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

Eating disorder with extreme weight loss.

152
Q

aphagia

A

Inability to swallow.

153
Q

appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix.

154
Q

ascites

A

Fluid buildup in the abdominal and peritoneal cavities.

155
Q

bulimia

A

Eating disorder with bingeing and purging.

156
Q

cheilitis

A

inflammation of the lips.

157
Q

cholangitis

A

inflammation of the bile ducts.

158
Q

cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder.

159
Q

cholelithiasis

A

Gallstones in the gallbladder.

160
Q

cirrhosis

A

Liver disease, often caused by alcoholism.

161
Q

colic

A

Gastrointestinal distress, especially of infants.

162
Q

colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon.

163
Q

constipation

A

Difficult or infrequent defecation.

164
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

Type of irritable bowel disease with no ulcers.

165
Q

diarrhea

A

Loose, watery stool.

166
Q

diverticula

A

Small pouches in the intestinal walls.

167
Q

diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of the diverticula.

168
Q

diverticulosis

A

Condition in which diverticula trap food or bacteria.

169
Q

duodenal ulcer

A

Ulcer in the duodenum.

170
Q

dysentery

A

Irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools.

171
Q

dyspepsia

A

Indigestion.

172
Q

dysphagia

A

Difficulty in swallowing.

173
Q

enteritis

A

Inflammation of the small intestine.

174
Q

eructation

A

Belching.

175
Q

esophagitis

A

Inflammation of the esophagus.

176
Q

fistula

A

Abnormal opening in tissue.

177
Q

flatulence

A

Gas in the stomach or intestines.

178
Q

flatus

A

Gas in the lower intestinal tract that can be released through the anus.

179
Q

gallstones

A

Calculi in the gallbladder.

180
Q

gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach.

181
Q

gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine.

182
Q

glossitis

A

Inflammation of the tongue.

183
Q

halitosis

A

Foul mouth odor.

184
Q

hematemesis

A

blood in vomit.

185
Q

hematochezia

A

Red blood in stool.

186
Q

hemorrhoids

A

Swollen, twisted veins in the anus.

187
Q

hepatitis

A

Inflammation or disease of the liver.

188
Q

hepatomegaly

A

Enlarged liver.

189
Q

hepatopathy

A

Liver disease.

190
Q

hiatal hernia

A

Protrusion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm.

191
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

Excessive bilirubin in the blood.

192
Q

icterus

A

Jaundice.

193
Q

ileitis

A

Inflammation of the ileum.

194
Q

ileus

A

Intestinal blockage.

195
Q

intussusception

A

Prolapse or collapse of an intestinal part into a neighboring part. One section collapses into another like a telescope.

196
Q

jaundice

A

Excessive bilirubin in the blood causing yellowing of the skin.

197
Q

melena

A

Old blood in the stool.

198
Q

nausea

A

Sick feeling in the stomach.

199
Q

obesity

A

Abnormal accumulation of fat in the body.

200
Q

pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas.

201
Q

parotitis, parotiditis

A

Inflammation of the parotid gland.

202
Q

peptic ulcer

A

Sore on the mucous membrane of the digestive system; stomach ulcer or gastric ulcer.

203
Q

peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum.

204
Q

polyposis

A

Condition with polyps, as in the intestines.

205
Q

proctitis

A

Inflammation of the rectum and anus.

206
Q

sialoadenitis

A

Inflammation of the salivary glands.

207
Q

steatorrhea

A

Fat in the blood.

208
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

inflammation of the colon with ulcers.

209
Q

volvulus

A

Intestinal blockage caused by the intestine twisting on itself.

210
Q

abdominocentesis

A

Incision into the abdomen to remove fluid

or relieve pressure.

211
Q

anal fistulectomy

A

Removal of an anal fistula.

212
Q

anastomosis

A

Surgical union of two hollow structures.

213
Q

appendectomy

A

Removal of the appendix.

214
Q

Billroth’s I

A

Excision of the pylorus.

215
Q

Billroth’s II

A

Resection of the pylorus with the stomach.

216
Q

cheiloplasty

A

Repair of the lips.

217
Q

cholecystectomy

A

Removal of the gallbladder.

218
Q

choledocholithotomy

A

Removal of stones from the common bile duct.

219
Q

cholelithotomy

A

Removal of gallstones.

220
Q

cholelithotripsy

A

Breaking up or crushing of stones in the body,

especially gallstones.

221
Q

colectomy

A

Removal of the colon.

222
Q

colostomy

A

Creation of an opening from the colon into the abdominal wall.

223
Q

diverticulectomy

A

Removal of diverticula.

224
Q

esophagoplasty

A

repair of the esophagus.

225
Q

gastrectomy

A

Removal of part or all of the stomach.

226
Q

gastric resection or gastric bypass

A

Removal of part of the stomach and repair of the remaining part.

227
Q

glossectomy

A

Removal of the tongue.

228
Q

glossorrhaphy

A

Suture of the tongue.

229
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

removal of hemorrhoids.

230
Q

hepatic lobectomy

A

Removal of one or more lobes of the liver.

231
Q

ileostomy

A

Creation of an opening into the ileum.

232
Q

liver biopsy

A

Removal of a small amount of liver tissue to examine for disease.

233
Q

pancreatectomy

A

Removal of the pancreas.

234
Q

paracentesis

A

Incision into the abdominal cavity to remove fluid or relieve pressure.

235
Q

polypectomy

A

Removal of polyps.

236
Q

proctoplasty

A

Repair of the rectum and anus.

237
Q

antacid

A

Agent that neutralizes stomach acid.

238
Q

antidiarrheal

A

Agent that controls loose, watery stools.

239
Q

antiemetic

A

Agent that prevents vomiting.

240
Q

antispasmodic

A

Agent that controls intestinal tract spasms.

241
Q

cathartic [kå-TH0R-t7k]
Greek katharsis, purification Agent that induces vomiting; also a strong laxative for
emptying the bowels.

A

cathartic [kå-TH0R-t7k]
Greek katharsis, purification Agent that induces vomiting; also a strong laxative for
emptying the bowels.

242
Q

laxative

A

Agent that induces bowels to move in order to relieve

constipation.

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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