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AP Psych > Research Methodology > Flashcards

Research Methodology Flashcards

1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founded the first psychology lab in Germany in 1897
Wilhelm has an I in it, I looks like 1, so you know that it is the first
Gave subjects various stimuli and asked them to describe what they saw/felt #Introspection
Structuralist

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2
Q

Structuralism

A 
want to understand how brain works 
Problems with it 
Introspection- vague and subjective 
No way to determine if proposed structures exist 
Sensation vs. Perception (Pain scale)
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3
Q

William James

A

Principles of psychology (1890)
Interested in what mind does NOT how it does it (Why people thought or acted in certain wayzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz)
Leader of psychology (not first follower)
Functionalist
A room can be clean and messy at the same time
Evolutionary psych
Influenced by Darwin

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4
Q

Functionalism

A

How does this get used in your life?

What are the practical applications of Jean Paul Marat?

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5
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Explain psych in terms of evolution

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6
Q

James B Watson

A

First Behavioralist
Studied how enviro influences actions
social conditioning: changing behavior by changing enviro
Little Albert

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7
Q

Pavlov

A

Pavlov dog bell experiment

Mean Guy who did surgery on everyone

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8
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Big Forehead Skinner

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9
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Believed in unconscious factors, such as sex and agression (Dose Austrians doe)
Child experiences shape personality——> ex. Oedipal Complex Electra Complex
Psychoanalysis
Very influential but highly criticized but you can’t really test below-conscious level stufffzzzzzz

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10
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

learning about unconcscious and childhood by talking to patients
like psychiatrist
How does it make feeeeeeeeel?

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11
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

Gestalt

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12
Q

Gestalt

A

How people perceive forms as wholes in this crazy, segmented world of ours
recognized tune, not individual notes
dashed note (Whattt?????

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13
Q

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytical

A

modernnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
actions and thoughts are driven by unconscious motivations, therefore negative behaviors need to resolved by controlling unconscious factors
Neofreudianism
MODERN

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14
Q

Behavioral Psychology

A

Actions and T(heyyyyyy)houghts based on consequences of action in pasts
classic conditioning- pavlov associations
Operant/Oparent COnditioning- behavior responses followed by favorable responses are strengthened
MODERN

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15
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Behaviors are driven by consciious thoughts
BE WHO YOU WANT TO BE (saraaaa bareills HU made you king of anything??)
Focuses on people’s abuility to direct their own lives/human potential/actualization
MODERN

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16
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

How people think about and understand thw world around them

Memory/Intelligence/Thought process/Problem solving

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17
Q

Sociocultural Psychology

A

Actions or thoughts affect by other people (#Mrs.Bennet)
Focus on social norms(#olivemonolpgue)
cross cultural research- contrasting and comparing behaviors from two cultures

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18
Q

Biopsychological

A

MODERN
PHYSCIAL and biological factors (facotrs) that affect behaviors and mental processes
ex. schiz

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19
Q

True or False: behavioralism and structuralism are still used

A

false

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20
Q

Ethical Principles

A 
minimum deception 
health and safety 
debrief 
minimize stress 
IRB approval 
informed consent 
withdraw at any time 
confidentiality
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21
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

Zimbardo
Guards abused prisoners
example of an ethics dilemma in psych

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22
Q

Little Albert

A

1917
ethical dilemma in psychology
Conditioned to be fearful of furry things, but never counter conditioned

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23
Q

Tuskegee

A

half of black men had syphilis, half didn’t
didn’t treat them with penicillin because they wanted to see what would happen
many horrible things happened to them
Clinton apologized to the survivors `

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24
Q

Gambler’s fallacy

A

think that something is “due” to come up just because it hasn’t in a while

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25
Q

Regression to the mean

A

things will always regress to the mean

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26
Q

True or False: You will have more accuracy with a greater number of trials

A

True

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27
Q

Normal Curve

A

mean = median = mode
it is a SUPER famous graph (think Jennifer Lawrence level)
hypothetical frequency curve that represents a typical population, so it can be used to compare individuals to a population
1 standard deviation– 34.1%
next percentage gap = 13.6%
last gap is 2.15%
68% within one standard deviation of the mean

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28
Q

Standard deviation

A

best measure of variability

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29
Q

What is the mean of the IQ test/what is the range of when standard deviation below to above?

A

100

85-115

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30
Q

What is the SAT mean

A

500

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31
Q

Milgram

A 
1958 
Obedience to authority 
put psychological stress
weren't informed that they could withdraw 
Shocking experiment
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32
Q

Positive correlation

A

r is from 0 to 1

strong positive correlation- r is greater than .8

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33
Q

Negative Correlation

A

r is = -1 to 0

strong negative correlation r is less than -.8

34
Q

Zero correlation/No correlation

A

r = 0

35
Q

Dr. Goldberger

A

Everyone thought Pellagra was related to outdoor plumbing
so he ate dough balls of feces, urine, and scaly skin
in prison, half got pellagra victim diet, half got prison diet
proved that pellagra was a vitamin deficiency
MAIN TAKEAWAY?
correlation does not equal causation

36
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

comparing different people of different ages
PROS: faster and cheaper
CONS: less accurate

37
Q

Longitudinal Research

A 
study same subjects as they age 
PROS: 
very consistent data 
CONS: 
takes a really long time 
they might drop out/die
38
Q

Surveys

A 
Collecting behavior about the beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of people by asking them 
PROS: 
cheap and easy 
provides broad characteristics of groups 
CONS: 
talk vs. action 
demand characteristic 
social desirability 
framing
39
Q

Case Study

A 
PROS: 
observe rare/unethical events 
CONS: 
no controls 
labor intensive
40
Q

Genie

A

abused as a child

case study

41
Q

Kitty Genovese

A

attacked, crawled upstairs
attacker came back
bystander effect/diffusion of responsibility
case study

42
Q

Amadou Diallo

A

black man shot 49 times
went to put wallet over his head to prove his identity
case study

43
Q

Jonestown

A

900 people committed suicide/were killed because of Jim Jones, the leader of the community
studies the effects of cults
cast study

44
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A 
observing without manipulation 
PROS: 
not intrusive
CONS: 
someone might figure out and change behavior

most important thing to remember: DO NOT WANT TO BE REALIZED

45
Q

Experimenter/Expectancy Bias

A 
the scientist's expectations wreck their objectivity 
#cleverhans
46
Q

Sampling Bias/Selection Bias

A

not everyone has the same chance of being selected

so if you were strolling by a pacifist meeting center and surveying people on the street on their opinions about war

47
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

a form of participant bias
subject tries to do or say what they think the researcher wants
ex. psych projects on pronouns

48
Q

Social Desirability

A

subject conforms the answer to social norms
a form of participant bias
ex. yaaa, I recycle (but really just my neighbors are environmentalists and I have never been near a recycling bin in my life. In fact, sometimes my trash just gets thrown in the woods)

49
Q

Placebo Effect

A

MIND OVER BODY

imagination- spongebob

50
Q

Controlled experiment

A

Scientists compare two groups that are the same except for one variable
PROS: SHOWS CAUSE AND EFFECT

51
Q

Double blind

A 
Subjects don't know 
researchers don't know 
#cleverHans
52
Q

Single Blind

A

Subjects don’t know

53
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

the order by which things are listed affects results because people tend to remember the first and last things
to avoid, one must counterbalance

54
Q

Counterbalance

A

change up combinations

55
Q

Operational Definition

A

A concrete way to measure DV/measures dependent variable

ex. attraction— ranking on a LIkert scale

56
Q

Confounding variable

A

one group gets something the other didn’t
interferes with results in a bad way
unplanned
ex. when Olivia went to take her psych summer quiz, people came and talked to Ms. Murphy during this time for extra help (they talked about confounding variables)
ex. Someone runs by Period 1’s exam screaming “The answers are c c c c c c c 39240 49302490 54895u3849589” but not during the period 6 exam

57
Q

Extraneous variable

A

has the potential to affect both groups
BOTH
TWOOOOOOO

58
Q

Clever Hans

A 
pretty much the only thing on the exam 
was a horse who "knew math" 
Pfungst realized he was not so clever 
Turns out Von Osten, the owner of clever Hans, was unconsciously giving away the answer because of his neck vein action 
DOUBLE BLIND
59
Q

Correlation

A

speculation that may indicate a relationship exists
MAJOR PROBLEM: YOU CAN NOT CLAIM CAUSE AND EFFECT
CORRELATION DOES NOT = CAUSATION

60
Q

Nature vs. Nurture/ Epigenetic

A

How you were raised vs. genetics

common issue in psych

61
Q

Observable behavior vs. mental processes

A

what it sounds like
one can be viewed by anyone vs only the subject knows
common issue in psych

62
Q

Individual differences vs. free will

A

“How much of our behavior is a consequence of our unique and special qualities, and how much reflects the culture and society in which we live? How much of our behavior is universally human?” some psych webstire

essentially, like how much are we all snowflakes– what parts of us are just universal/refelction of our culture
common issue in psych

63
Q

Free will vs. Determinism

A

determinism=predestined fate

common issue in psych

64
Q

Conscious vs. Unconscious

A

common issue in psych

65
Q

Theory

A

broad/general explanation of an event or action that can be proved or disproved

66
Q

Hypothesis

A

a specific testable prediction of cause and effect

67
Q

Research

A

Test of the hypothesis that yields data which….

a. supports: refine with new hypothesis and research
b. refutes/fails to support: discard or revise, then test again

68
Q

Sample

A

MUST BE GENERALIZABLE
must be representative
random selection vs. group matching

69
Q

polygons

A

line graphs

70
Q

Positive Skew

A

P on its side
tail pulled in positive direction
positive outliers

71
Q

Negative Skew

A

Tail pulled in negative directions

negative outliers

72
Q

random sampling

A

arbitrary selection of subjects

ex. picking names out of a hat

73
Q

group matching

A

demo on basketball teams
matching characteristic on population
balance out groups

74
Q

nominal scales

A

numbers are names

tee shirts with numbers

75
Q

Ordinal scales

A

top 25 colleges

rankings

76
Q

Interval scales

A

Likert scale
1 to 7
worst to best

77
Q

Ratio scale

A

starts with absolute 0

78
Q

Statistical significance

A

p is less than .05 is the minimum standard for statistical significance

79
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

results must be meaningful to draw conlusions
must be 95%+ due to manipulation
wasn’t an accident

80
Q

p

A

the % chance that the results differ by an accident

AP Psych (9 decks)

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