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Hematology Exam 1 > Blood & WBCs > Flashcards

Blood & WBCs Flashcards

0
Q

The average adult has how much blood?

A

4 to 6 liters

Males have more

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1
Q

What is the goal of hematology class?

A

Analyze blood & body fluids

Diagnosis & monitoring disease

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2
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Plasma - ˜55%

Blood cells - ˜45%

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3
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

91% water

9% biochemicals

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4
Q

What are blood cells composed of?

A

Mostly red blood cells

1% are platelets & WBC (buffy coat)

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5
Q

What are the reference ranges for cellular components - WBC

A

4.8 - 10.8 x 10ˆ9/L

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6
Q

What are the reference ranges for cellular components - RBC

A

Females - 4.2 - 5.4 x 10ˆ12/L

Males - 4.7 - 6.1 x 10ˆ12/L

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7
Q

What are the reference ranges for cellular components - platelets

A

150 - 400 x 10ˆ9/L

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8
Q

What are the components of blood tested?

A
  1. whole blood
  2. cells
  3. plasma - in vivo & in vitro
  4. serum - in vitro
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9
Q

What is in vivo plasma?

A

The liquid part of blood

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10
Q

What is In vitro plasma?

A

Plasma from anticoagulated blood

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11
Q

What color tube is used for a whole blood sample?

A

Lavender

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12
Q

What does EDTA do in the lavender tube?

A

Prevents coagulation by binding or chelating calcium in the form of a potassium or sodium salt

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13
Q

What are lavender tubes used for?

A

Whole blood sample

Anti-coagulant that preserves cell morphology & inhibits platelet aggregation or clumping

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14
Q

What is an example of a hematology screening test?

A

Complete blood count (CBC)

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15
Q

What are the parts of CBC?

A
  1. Quantifying
  2. Calculating the RBC indices (size/shape)
  3. WBC differential
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16
Q

What does the CBC quantify?

A

WBC, RBC, hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (HCT), platelets

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17
Q

How does CBC calculate RBC indices?

A

From the RBC count, Hgb, & HCT

Defines the size & hemoglobin content of the RBCs

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18
Q

What does the WBC differential from CBC do?

A

Enumerates the five types of WBCs

Morphology of RBCs & platelets

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19
Q

What are the components of the Wright stain?

A

Methylene blue
Eosin
Buffer

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20
Q

What does the methylene blue stain?

A

Nuclear material

RNA

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21
Q

What type of stain is the wright stain?

A

Differential

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22
Q

What color do RBCs stain from the wright stain?

A

Pink

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23
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

The production of blood cells

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24
Q

Where is most blood cell production limited to at birth?

A

Bone marrow

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25
Q

What is the adult hematopoietic system?

A

Tissues & organs regulating the proliferation, maturation, & destruction of blood cells

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26
Q

What are the organs & tissues that makes up the adult hematopoietic system?

A

Bone marrow
Thymus
Spleen
Lymph nodes

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27
Q

The bone marrow is the site of cell development for what?

A

Myeloid cells
Erythroid cells
Megakaryocytic cells
Early stages of lymphoid cells

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28
Q

Where are the sites of later lymphoid cell development?

A

Thymus
Spleen
Lymph nodes

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29
Q

What are spleen & lymph nodes?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues

Posses immunocompetent T & B cells

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30
Q

T & B cells further differentiate & divide in response to antigens into what?

A

Effector & memory cells

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31
Q

What are two types of bone marrow hematopoiesis?

A

Medullary hematopoiesis

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

32
Q

What is medullary hematopoiesis?

A

Blood cell production in the bone marrow

33
Q

What is extramedullary hematopoiesis?

A

Blood cell production in hematopoietic tissue other than in bone marrow
In the liver & spleen

34
Q

What types of cells are present in bone marrow?

A

Myeloid (WBC) precursors & storage of mature cells
Red cell precursors
Platelet precursors
Fat

35
Q

What is the adult cellularity in bone marrow?

A

50%

36
Q

How do you determine cellularity?

A

Take 100 minus the patient’s age, +/- 10

37
Q

What is bone marrow hyperplasia?

A

Excessive development of normal cells

Occurs with all conditions of increased or ineffective hematopoiesis

38
Q

The concentration of WBCs is affected by what events?

A

Physiologic events
Pathologic events
Age

39
Q

What are examples of physiologic events that affect the concentration of WBCs?

A

Pregnancy
Time of day
Activity level

40
Q

What are examples of pathologic events that affect the concentration of WBCs?

A

Infections
Immune-regulated responses
Quantitative & qualitative disorders

41
Q

What is the leukocyte concentration in peripheral blood (PB)?

A 
Neutrophils: 50-70% of total WBC
Lymphocytes: 20-44%
Monocytes: 2-6%
Eosinophils: 0-4%
Basophils: 0-2%
42
Q

What is the size of a segmented neutrophil?

A

9-15 mcM

43
Q

What are the parts of a segmented neutrophil?

A

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

44
Q

What are the characteristics of the nucleus of a segmented neutrophil?

A

Segmented with 2 or more lobes connected by a thin nuclear filament
Condensed chromatin

45
Q

What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm of a segmented neutrophil?

A

Pink/tan to clear color

Many granules

46
Q

What do the granules in neutrophils contain?

A

Lipids, carbs, & proteins

47
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil?

A

Host defense

Move to site of foreign agent, engulf, & destroy

48
Q

What are the four steps in the innate immune response?

A
  1. adherence
  2. migration/chemotaxis
  3. phagocytosis
  4. bacterial killing
49
Q

What is the size of a small lymphocyte?

A

7-10 mcM

50
Q

What are the characteristics of a lymphocyte cytoplasm?

A

Small rim, sky blue

Few granules

51
Q

What are the characteristics of a lymphocyte neutrophil?

A

Same size of a RBC
Occupies about 90% of the cell
Chromatin deeply condensed, stains deep purple
Nucleoli rarely visible

52
Q

What is the function of a lymphocyte?

A

Recognize & react with specific antigens
Work with macrophages to eliminate pathogens
Provide long-lasting immunity to previously encountered pathogens

53
Q

What is the lifespan of Lymphocytes?

A

Several years
Hours
Days

54
Q

What are the characteristics of size in a mature erythrocyte?

A

7-8 microns

Biconcave disk “central pallor”
Average volume 90 fL

55
Q

What are the functions of a mature leukocyte?

A

Host defense in tissues

56
Q

How do leukocytes fight infection?

A

Phagocytosis by granulocytes & monocytes

Development of adaptive immune response by monocytes & lymphocytes

57
Q

Where do leukocytes develop from?

A

Pluripotential HSC

58
Q

How do leukocytes develop?

A

Stem cell proliferates & differentiates

Mature cells enter peripheral blood (PB) or stay in bone marrow until needed

59
Q

What are the types of leukocytes that develop?

A

Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

60
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?/

A

Monocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils

61
Q

How does age affect concentration of WBCs?

A

Few immature granulocytic cells can be found in circulation

62
Q

What are the concentrations of WBCs from birth to 8 years old?

A

Birth: WBC count is high - 9-30 x 10ˆ9/L
1 week after birth: WBC count drops to 5-21 x 10ˆ9/L
8 years old: average WBC continues to drop to 8 x 10ˆ9 /L

63
Q

What is the size of a monocyte?

A

12-20 mcM

64
Q

What are the characteristics of a monocyte

A

Horseshoe or bean shaped
Numerous folds - brainlike convolutions
Chromatin loose & linear, lacy patter

65
Q

What are the characteristics of the cytoplasm of a monocyte?

A

Blue-gray
Evenly dispersed with fine, dustlike membrane-bound granules
Vacuoles frequently seen

66
Q

What are the functions of a monocyte?

A

Host defense in tissues as macrophages
Active in innate & adaptive IR
Ingest & kill microorganisms

67
Q

What is the size of a mature eosinophil?

A

12-15 mcM

68
Q

What does the nucleus of a eosinophil look like?

A

No more than 2 or 3

Blue/purple

69
Q

What does the cytoplasm of an eosinophil look like?

A

Completely filled with granules

Pink in color

70
Q

What is the function of an eosinophil?

A

Influenced by the cellular arm of the adaptive immune system (T cells)
Pro-inflammatory cells associated with allergic diseases, parastic infections

71
Q

What is the size of a mature basophil?

A

10-15 mcM

72
Q

What does the nucleus of a basophil look like?

A

Segmented

73
Q

What is a major characteristic of a basophil?

A

Many dark purple granules obscuring both the background of the cytoplasm & the nucleus

74
Q

What are the functions of a basophil?

A

Mediators of inflammatory response

Receptors for IgE

75
Q

How do basophils mediate inflammatory response?

A

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Ex) Asthma

76
Q

How are basophils receptors for IgE?

A

When IgE attaches the cell is activated for degranulation

It releases enzymes that are basoactive, bronchoconstrictive, & chemotactic

77
Q

What is a buffy coat?

A

Where WBCs are in a blood sample

Hematology Exam 1 (7 decks)

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