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Animal Health & Disease > Lecture #1 > Flashcards

Lecture #1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of health?

A

a state of optimal physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or immunity. a.k.a: healthy animals are disease free and pain free

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2
Q

what are some signs of healthy animals?

A

they:

  • eat
  • are alert and content
  • bright eyes and a shiny coat
  • normal feces and urine
  • normal vital signs
  • reproduce
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3
Q

what is disease?

A
  • any impairment of the normal function of an organism OR
  • any malfunctioning of host cells and tissues that results from continuous irritation by a pathogenic agent or environmental factor and leads to development of symptoms OR
  • manifestation of physiology going wrong
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4
Q

what can poor animal health result in?

A
  • lower production
  • human diseases
  • death of animals
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5
Q

what are some human diseases spread by animals (zoonoses)?

A
  • Brucellosis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Anthrax
  • Tetanus
  • Salmonellosis
  • Leptospirosis
  • Rabies
  • west nile fever
  • toxoplasmosis
  • Q fever
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6
Q

what is an example of homeostasis?

A

the pancreas secreting insulin to control blood sugar, blood vessels dilating or constricting to control blood pressure

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7
Q

what are the main messengers controlling the feedback control loops involved in homeostasis control?

A

nervous impulses and hormones (endocrine and nervous systems)

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8
Q

what is different in the endocrine system (hormones) from the nervous system?

A

the endocrine system is anatomically discontinuous.

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9
Q

What are the main two functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. autonomic controls
  2. endocrine controls
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10
Q

what are the autonomic functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • regulate homeostasis (thirst, hunger, body temp, water balance, bp, heart rate, bladder function, emotions)
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11
Q

what are the endocrine functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • links the nervous system to the endocrine system
  • helps regulate the pituitary gland secretions (influences metabolism, ion balance, sexual development and functions)
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12
Q

which animal would have a larger liver in proportion to body size, a dog or a horse?

A

A dog (3-4% bw) because it is a carnivore

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13
Q

what does the portal hepatic vein connect?

A

the digestive system and the liver

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14
Q

what are the two main capillaries that supply blood to the liver? which supplies more?

A
  1. the portal vein -70% of blood supply
  2. the hepatic artery -30% of blood supply
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15
Q

how much of the liver can we remove before we see liver failure or symptoms of liver failure?

A

2/3 rds of the liver can be compromised

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16
Q

what are lobules?

A

the functional unit of the liver

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17
Q

where is the portal triad located?

A

between the lobules

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18
Q

what is the portal triad composed of?

A
  • bile ducts
  • portal veins
  • hepatic artery
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19
Q

where is blood from the digestive system reabsorbed ?

A

in the portal triad

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20
Q

what are the roles of the hepatocytes or liver cells?

A
  • secrete proteins (albumin, complement proteins, fibrinogen, blood coagulation factors and globulins)
  • secrete bile
  • lipid metabolism
  • cholesterol metabolism
  • degradation of steroid hormones
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21
Q

What are sinusoidal lining cell?

A

cells found in the capillaries of the liver. endothelial cells with no basement membrane in the capillaries

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22
Q

why do hepatocytes have villi?

A

to increase surface area and therefore absorption and to allow more interaction

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23
Q

what are kupffer cells?

A

macrophages in the liver important for fighting against disease and liver regeneration

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24
Q

what is cirrhosis? what causes it?

A

scaring of liver tissue caused by chronic injury (alcoholics, etc) where the scar tissue is made of collagen from fibroblast cells

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25
Q

what is found in the space of Disse?

A

Stellate cells

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26
Q

what do hypo cells do?

A
  • store lipids and vitamin A
  • produce collagen and fibrinogen which can cause liver inflammation
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27
Q

what are some functions of the liver?

A
  • metabolism: carbs, lipids, protein
  • synthesis: plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), clotting factors, sugars, lipids, urea, ketone bodies
  • storage: glycogen, iron, vit A, C, D, E, K and B12
  • recycling of old red blood cells (although main site is in the spleen)
  • phagocytosis of foreign substances (Kupffer cells)
  • detoxification
  • degradation of hormones
  • secretion of bile
28
Q

why are only lesions that affect the majority of the hepatic parenchyma likely to produce signs of hepatic failure?

A

because the liver has considerable functional reserve and regenerative capacity (i.e. it can heal itself)

29
Q

what are common signs of hepatic failure?

A
  • jaundice (icterus)
  • dark colored urine
  • vascular and blood clotting disorders
  • metabolic disturbances (hyperammonemia, acidosis, hypoglycemia)
  • cutaneous manifestations (photosensitization)
30
Q

what happens in Jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia)?

A
  • plasma bilirubin concentration is above normal levels
  • skin and mucosa membranes get yellowish
31
Q

what can cause jaundice?

A
  • increased bilirubin production (hemolysis)
  • decreased uptake into the liver cells
  • impaired conjugation
  • interference with the secretion of conjugated bilirubin
32
Q

what is bilirubin?

A

the substance that gives bile its color. formed from senescent RBCs

33
Q

hemoglobin from the RBC is broken down to form what?

A

Biliverdin, which is rapidly converted to free bilirubin

34
Q

what is the role of plasma albumin in bilirubin metabolism?

A

it is attached to free bilirubin to make it easily transported in the blood because bilirubin is insoluble in plasma

35
Q

what happens to free bilirubin once inside the hepatocyte?

A

free bilirubin is converted to conjugated bilirubin, making it soluble in bile. which is then secreted as a constituent of bile and passes into the small intestine through the bile ducts

36
Q

what happens to bilirubin in the intestine?

A

it is converted into a highly soluble substance called urobilinogen and stercobilinogens by the intestinal flora

37
Q

what happens to most of the urobilinogen?

A

it is reabsorbed into general circulation and then excreted by the kidneys

38
Q

what is the normal level of total serum bilirubin?

A

0.1=dog 3 mg/dL = horse

39
Q

what are carrier animals?

A

animals that harbor (without manifest symptoms) and exposes other potential hosts to infectious agents

40
Q

what is the definition for contagious?

A

capable of being transmitted from animal to animal (by direct or indirect contact)

41
Q

what is a fomite?

A

an inanimate object which when contaminated with a pathogen (bacterium, virus, etc) can transfer the pathogen to a host (ex: doorknobs)

42
Q

what is the incidence?

A

the number of new cases of a disease (condition) in a population over a period of time (the rate at which a certain event occurs)

43
Q

what is the definition of infection?

A

invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues (note: all infections do not represent diseases)

44
Q

what is morbidity?

A

a diseased condition or state, the incidence or prevalence of a disease or of all diseases in a population

45
Q

what is mortality?

A

the number of deaths in a population (death rate)

46
Q

what is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

a pathogenic organism that is normally a commensal (not causing injury to host) but which gives rise to infection in immunocompromised hosts

47
Q

what is prevalence?

A

the total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a specific time

48
Q

what is parasitism?

A

a two-species association in which one specie (the parasite) lives on a second species (the host) and obtains its nourishment from it OR infection or infestation with parasites

49
Q

what is quarantine?

A

the limitation on the freedom of movement of an individual to prevent spread of a disease to other members of a population

50
Q

what is a reservoir?

A

an alternate animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance, in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected

51
Q

what is a reportable disease?

A

a disease whose occurrence is required by law to be reported to government authorities because it it of significant importance to human and animal health and to the economy

52
Q

what is the definition of susceptible?

A

an individual accessible to or liable to infection by a pathogen

53
Q

what is a vector?

A

an organism (ex: mosquito or tick) that carries disease-causing microorganisms from one host to another

54
Q

what is a Zoonotic disease or Zoonoses?

A

a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans. the natural reservoir is a nonhuman animal

55
Q

what does epidemiology or epizootiology study?

A

the study of the causes (determinants) and spread (distribution) of diseases in a population

56
Q

what does endemic/ enzootic mean?

A

occurrence of disease at a constant or expected level

57
Q

what does epidemic mean?

A

an increase in the number of subjects affected by a disease over the expected rate of occurrence (Epizootic: term used to express an epidemic in a population of animals)

58
Q

what is a pandemic?

A

an epidemic that occurs over a large geographical area or the world (world wide epidemics)

59
Q

what is an outbreak?

A

a localized epidemic (increase in the level of disease over endemic level)

60
Q

what is sporadic?

A

the pattern of disease in which the disease occurs rarely and without regularity

61
Q

what is pathophysiology?

A

the study of how a disease or injury affects the function of the body

62
Q

what is uremia?

A

a condition resulting from advanced stages of kidney failure in which urea and other N-containing wastes are found in the blood

63
Q

what are the three points of the epidemiological Triad of disease?

A

agent, host and environment

64
Q

what is an example of a determinant affecting an agent?

A
  • infectivity
  • pathogenicity
  • virulence
  • immunogenicity
  • antigenic stability
  • survival
65
Q

how do we reduce the risks of diseases?

A
  • minimize exposure to disease agents
  • develop immunity (passive and active)
  • environment control (support above points)
66
Q

what are some general practices to improve animal health?

A
  • sanitation
  • proper nutrition
  • isolation of sick animals
  • restrict human access
  • control water quality
  • parturition areas must be clean
  • immunization (vaccines) etc, etc, etc…

Animal Health & Disease (7 decks)

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