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SOC 327 > 327-M9 - Institutional Corrections > Flashcards

327-M9 - Institutional Corrections Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Walls to Bridges Program? What genre of correctional programming is it?

A
  • Educational program
  • post-secondary courses with co-learners held within prison institutions
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2
Q

What is the CORCAN? Explain:
* purposes
* who runs it
* its controversy

A
  • Purpose: reintegration into workforce
  • Run by: CSC
  • job training and skills development
  • controversial because of its low pay
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3
Q

Name some examples of social programming in correctional institutions

A

parenting, rec/leisure

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4
Q

What are some special features of Indigenous programs in corrections facilities

A
  • healing programs are specific to communities
  • can include 1-on-1 counselling with an elder
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5
Q

What are special features of animal-assisted therapy programs?

intended populations, benefits

A
  • for people with mental health/addiction/trauma issues (MAT)
  • reducing isolation/frustration, increasing empathy, self-esteem
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6
Q

What is the MAIN criticism of corrections programs?

A

High demand and limited space

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7
Q

Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: prisons regarded as “total institutions”

A
  • Goffman’s term
  • life is controlled by the institution, no self-regulation, independence, autonomy
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8
Q

Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: conflicting goals of prison

A
  • the conflict between punishment and rehabilitation
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9
Q

Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: prisons as public/political institutions

A

decisions on resources, policies, reflects the politics and values of whoever is in charge

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10
Q

Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: overcrowding in prisons

A
  • double/triple bunking
  • segregation cells
  • higher demand for treatment programs, could sacrifice program fidelity
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11
Q

What does it mean to sacrifice program fidelity?

A

making it not as effective to accomodate for higher demand (higher class sizes, shorter program intervals)

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12
Q

Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: the changing profile for the security level and age of offenders

What are the current trends?

A
  • more offenders are max-security prisonders
  • more offenders are older
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13
Q

T/F: 1 in 4 federal inmates is affiliated with a gang/organized crime group?

A

False. It is 1 in 5 or 6 federal inmates.

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14
Q

Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: gangs and violence

gang crimes within prison, where is violence concered?

A
  • gangs: tend to smuggle+deal drugs, extort, violent (riots)
  • violence: need to ensure inmate and staff safety, expecially in max
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15
Q

Explain the challenge of Correctional Institutions: drugs

A
  • drugs are freely available
  • people need coping mechanisms and are generally motivated to use drugs
  • smuggling/dealing can involve both inmates and staff
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16
Q

status degradation ceremonies

A

the psychological and material stripping that marks the concrent end of an individual’s regular life –> prison

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17
Q

Pains of imprisonment: 2 primary, 2 secondary, and the habits that occur

A

primary:
* loss of liberty
* loss of goods/services
secondary:
* loss of relationships
* deprivation of autonomy and security

self-defeating habits tend to develop

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18
Q

Segregation is more colloquially referred to as…

A

Solitary confinement

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19
Q

administrative segregation

A

need to be segregated for prisoner’s safety

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20
Q

Disciplinary segregation

A

segregation in response to ppr behaviour

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21
Q

Which province lead to the shut down of segregation and why?

A

B.C.’s supreme court, violation of charter rights

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22
Q

features of Structured Intervention Units (SIUs)

A
  • segregation, but still has access to rehab programs
  • 4 hrs outside
  • 2 hrs meaningful interaction
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23
Q

criticisms of Structured Intervention Units (SIUs)

A
  • only a rebrand of segregation
  • overrepresentation of mental health issues, indigenous people
  • many are here over 16+ days (defined as “torture”)
  • not actually getting 4 hrs outside and 2 hrs interaction
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24
Q

What are the 3 statements on prisoner rights by the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (CCRA)?

A
  1. retention of rights other than those removed as part of sentence
  2. decisions are forthright, fair, and subject to grievances
  3. equality and special consideration of needs to certain groups
25
Q

Office of the Correctional Investigator

A
  • part of Canadian Human Rights Commision
  • acts, investigates complaints
  • federally funded
  • annual report to parliament
  • provides non-binding recommendations
26
Q

Similarities and differences between the Elizabeth Fry Society and the John Howard Society

A
  • both are advocacy groups that raise awareness o issues and call for change
  • E - women, J - youth
27
Q

What is the average number of deaths per year in custody? What are the first and second most common causes?

A

~53 deaths
* majority natural causes
* 2nd most common: suicide

28
Q

Provide a summary of the Ashley Smith case

A
  • many incident reports and a history of violence and self-harm in adolescence and early adulthood
  • self-harming behaviours lead to a suicide at 19, in which officers were given the command to not intervene unless she was “not breathing”
29
Q

Explain the differences between the Pennsylvania and the Auburn system, in terms of:
1. procedures
2. underlying approaches to reform

What are their colloquial terms?

A
  1. Both systems do not allow inmates to speak, but only the Pennsylvania system separates its inmates
  2. Pennsylvania: thinking about their crimes and repentance leads to reformation; Auburn: hard labour is the path to reform
30
Q

What are docile bodies?

Who coined this term?

A

Foucault; describes prisoners who are compliant, passive, and do not dare challenge the authority of prison

31
Q

What four conditions produce docile bodies?

A
  1. denying freedom
  2. establishing arbitrary prison rules
  3. harsh punishment
  4. substandard living conditions
32
Q

What did the 1848 report on Kingston reveal (specific issues) and its recommended course of action? Who wrote it?

who was the warden at the time?

A

Brown’s report on warden Henry Smith’s Kingston revealed:
* cruel treatment of 10-11 year old inmates
* starved prisoners
* SA’d female inmates

he later focused on:
- reformation of prisons with a focus on rehabilitiation

33
Q
A
34
Q

sort these correctional ideologies in chronological order:
- risk prediction ideology
- medicinal model of corrections
- policy of normalization
- reintegration model of corrections

A
  1. Policy of normalization
  2. Medicinal model of corrections
  3. reintegration model of corrections
  4. risk prediction ideology
35
Q

Policy of normalizations

A

reformation comes from strict discipline which helps in reintegration

36
Q

What are some example institutions and criticisms of the policy of normalization?

A

e.g. Kingston

Criticisms:
* gross negligence
* sadistically brutal treatment
* corruption

37
Q

What was the focus for the Medicinal Model of Corrections?

A

rehabilitation: prisoners were patients with illnesses

following Archambault’s key goals of rehabilitation

38
Q

What are Archambault’s 4 key goals of rehabilitiation?

A
  1. Protection of society
  2. safe custody of inmates
  3. strict but humane discipline
  4. reformation and rehabilitiation of inmates
39
Q

What are the criticisms behind the medicinal model of corrections?

Which report established these criticisms?

A

revealed by the Fauteaux Report
1. ineffective and counterproductive
2. no impacts on crime rates

40
Q

What was the focus for the Reintegration Model of Corrections?

A

reintegration

41
Q

What were key areas of concern for the reintegration model of corrections?

A
  • housing issues
  • mental health/addictions
  • employment
  • stigma
42
Q

What is the main focus for Risk Prediction Ideology?

A

The focus on the risk assessment of offenders and adjusting treatments accordingly

43
Q

What are some criticisms of Risk Prediction Ideology

A
  • programs are only tested on white males, hard to dtm efficacy for vulnerable groups
  • Individualization of responsibility
44
Q

Individualization of responsibility

A

individual is blamed and is responsible for their inefficiency with issues within and outside of prison

45
Q

Where are youth inmates held?

A

Under provincial/territorial jurisdiction

46
Q

What is the average annual cost for…

  • Female inmates
  • Male inmates
A
  • Female: 200k/year
  • Male: 120k/year
47
Q

What are characteristics of minimum-security institutions?

A
  • no armed security posts
  • freedom restricted only at night
  • more likely to be released to community
48
Q

What are characteristics of medium-security institutions?

A
  • fences around the perimeter, higher security
  • more freedom than max security
  • where most inmates are housed
49
Q

What are characteristics of maximum-security institutions?

A

rigid, controlled environments

50
Q

What are characteristics of multi-level institutions?

A

have multiple levels (min, med, max) within the same place

51
Q

What are characteristics of Aboriginal Healing lodges?

A
  • run by CSC/gov’t or contract with Indigenous organizations
  • reflect indigenous values and cultures
  • NOT limited to indigenous offenders
52
Q

What are characteristics of Special Handling Units?

A
  • most dangerous offenders
  • temporary space until reintegration to max security establishments
53
Q

What are the three components of a security classification? (CRS)

A
  1. escape risk
  2. risk to public safety
  3. level of supervision required

these form the basis of the custody rating scale CRS

54
Q

RNR

A

The Risk-Need-Responsivity Model

55
Q

in RNR model…

Two types of risks include:

A

static and dynamic risks

56
Q

in RNR model…

Static risks

what are they and what are they used for?

A
  • cannot be changed

used for assessing security classification

57
Q

in RNR model…

Dynamic risks

what are they and what are they used for?

A

risks thac can be changed
used to assess rehabilitation approaches

58
Q

in RNR model…

Needs

A

criminogenic needs

needs directly linked to the criminal behaviour, used to determine approahces

59
Q

in RNR model…

Responsivity

A

individualized treatment and services and their provision

SOC 327 (13 decks)

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