Language

Question 1

About how quickly can a word be recognized

Answer 1

about 500msec

Question 2

Name some levels of analysis in language research

Answer 2

Sounds, words, sentence(structure and meaning), discourse context, and world knowledge.

Question 3

Name three reasons language research is difficult

Answer 3

There are different levels of language. How do these map onto the hierarchical structure of anatomy (cells, networks, regions)? Human language appears different than that of most animal models, so there are fewer organisms we can study. In humans, for the most part, controlled lesion studies, single cell recordings and such are not possible.

Question 4

phonetics/phonology

Answer 4

sound structure

Question 5

morphology

Answer 5

word structure

Question 6

lexical semantics

Answer 6

word meaning

Question 7

syntax

Answer 7

sentence structure

Question 8

prosody

Answer 8

sentence melody….

Question 9

compositional semantics

Answer 9

sentence meaning

Question 10

discourse

Answer 10

larger meaning scale than sentence level

Question 11

What physical features make language easier for humans and more difficult for most animal models?

Answer 11

Rounded tongue, control over the lower larynx and crowded teeth.

Question 12

What features of human language have apes so far been able to grasp?

Answer 12

Apes can learn to manipulate signs after much practice, They can learn simple syntactic rules and they can acquire vocabulary and syntax similar to 2-year-old humans.

Question 13

What, so far, appears to be missing from “ape language” that makes it different from humans?

Answer 13

It is mostly thought that they cannot use language to produce novel statements that have not been learned specifically. They cannot separate meaning and syntax

Question 14

A special case in monkey language, Diana monkeys, have the so far special ability to do what similar to human language?

Answer 14

The Diana monkeys have different calls for “jaguar” and “eagle” and thus possibly have semantics (word meaning which reflects attributes of the world around them). They also have added sounds which seem to convey more information like “maybe” or “not urgent” (grammar). They can combine calls to make sentence-like messages that depend on the order of sounds and the kinds of sounds included ( syntax). Displacement: They can refer to things which are not currently present (deception).

Question 15

What is the classical picture of language?

Answer 15

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas make up the two prime language centers in the brain where Broca’s area is responsible for speech production and Wernicke’s is responsible for speech comprehension.

Question 16

What broadman’s areas make up Broca’s area?

Answer 16

classicaly, 44 and 45

Question 17

Which Broadman’s areas make up the auditory cortex?

Answer 17

areas 41 and 42

Question 18

Broadman areas 44 and 45

Answer 18

Broca’s area

Question 19

Broadman areas 41 and 42

Answer 19

Auditory cortex

Question 20

Which Broadman areas make up Wernike’s area?

Answer 20

Mostly 22, some of 30

Question 21

Brodmann area 22

Answer 21

Wernike’s area

Question 22

What were the classic symptoms of Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 22

Labored speech, Most lost the ability to name people or subjects (anomia), have automatic speech (greetings) , intact comprehension, many have hemiplegia (one side), not much recovery over time.

Question 23

Describe where lesions in Wernicke’s aphasia generally are in the brain

Answer 23

In the posterior of the left superior temporal gyrus extending to adjacent parietal cortex.

Question 24

What are some classic symptoms of Wernicke’s apahasia?

Answer 24

fluent speech, many paraphasias (girl/curl, bread/cake). Syntactical but empty sentences, cannot repeat words or sentences, unable to understand what they read or hear. no partial paralysis.

Question 25

Describe the components of the classical Wernicke - Lichteheim- Geschwind model.

Answer 25

Wernicke’s area, used for comprehension and memory for words is located in the posterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus. It is connected via the arcuate fasciculus