Get it? Got It? Good.

Question 1

What do neural crest cells become when they grow up?

Answer 1

ANS
Dorsal root ganglia
Cranial Nerves
Celiac ganglion

Melanocytes
Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
Parafollicular C cells of thyroid

Schwann cells
Pia & arachnoid
Bones of skull

Odontoblasts

Aorticopulmonary septum

Question 2

Which components of the immune systems are involved in granuloma formation?

Answer 2

IFN-gamma, IL-12, TNF-alpha

Macrophages –> IL-12 –> TH1 differentition –> IFN-gamma –> activate macrophages, produce TNF-alpha, & recruit more monocytes/ macrophages

Question 3

Which 5 cofacors are required in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, & branched-chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase?

Answer 3

Pyrophosphate (B1, thiamine)
FAD (B2, riboflavin)
NAD (B3, niacin)
CoA (B5, pantothenate)
Lipoic acid

“TLC For Nobody”

Question 4

Name the encapsulated organisms.

Answer 4

Salmonella
S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
N. meningitidis

S. SHiN

Question 5

Where do aspirated objects end up?

Answer 5

When upright–> basilar segments of lower R lobe

When supine –> posterior segment of upper R lobe, superior segments of lower R lobe

Question 6

What are the three types of transplant rejection?

Answer 6

Hyperacute (w/in 24 hours)

• Preformed recipient antibodies against donor tissue
• Untreatable

Acute (7-10 days, up to 1 year)

• Antidonor T cells in recipient
• Histologically predominant cell is monocyte/macrophage
• Treat w/ immunosuppressive agents (tacrolimus, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil)

Chronic (years)

• Mediated by cellular AND humoral immune reaction
• Characterized by vascular intimal hyperplasia & lymphocytic infiltration
• No effective treatment

Question 7

Graft vs Host Disease

Answer 7

Complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplant

Donor marrow recognizes recipient as foreign

S/S: jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, diarrhea, maculopapular rash

Question 8

Kidney stones

Answer 8

Calcium- most common; seen with cancer, elevated pH, antifreeze/vit C abuse; prevent precipitation by increasing urine citrate

Ammonium, magnesium, phosphate- form staghorn caliculi; caused by infection; precipitates at higher pH

Uric acid- RadiolUcent; seen with elevated cell turnover (ie leukemia)

Cysteine- Hexagonal; secondary to cystinuria