Misc. Exam 1 stuff

Question 1

Define PRR

Answer 1

Pattern Recognition Receptor: Binds PAMPs and leads to increase in vessel diameter, increase in adhesion molecules and increase in vessel permeability. Present on nearly every cell in the body.

Question 2

Define PAMP

Answer 2

Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern: Expressed on pathogens and bound by PRRs

Question 3

Define TLRs

Answer 3

Toll-Like Receptors: Type of PRR that singularly recognize specific ligands broadly found on pathogens. Binding to TLR’s involves multiple cofactors resulting in a non-linear response to PAMPs and tolerance at low levels.

Question 4

Define DAMP

Answer 4

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns: Proteins commonly associated with nuclear envelope that when free are recognized by the innate immune system for clean-up

Question 5

TLR-4 recognizes…

Answer 5

Endotoxin = Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 6

Final transcription factor most commonly activated in inflammation

Answer 6

NF-kB (via the IRAK pathway; TLR-3 uses the IRF pathway)

Question 7

Name the cell that forms the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 7

dendritic cell

Question 8

Type I Immunopathology

Answer 8

Immediate Hypersensitivity - Overproduction of IgE in response to environmental allergen (i.e. anaphylaxis, asthma)

Question 9

Type II Immunopathology

Answer 9

Autoimmunity to Antibodies - Foreign antigen that looks like a self molecule (i.e. autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Grave’s Disease, Myasthenia Gravis)

Question 10

Type III Immunopathology

Answer 10

Production of antibody against a soluble antigen (i.e. systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis)

Question 11

Type IV Immunopathology

Answer 11

T-cell Mediated - innocent bystander injury (i.e. cavity formation in lungs secondary to tuberculosis or liver destruction by killer T cells in acute viral hepatitis)

Question 12

Chronic Frustrated Immune Responses

Answer 12

Antigen is not “self” but cannot get rid of it (i.e. gut flora -> IBS; gluten -> Celciac Disease)

Question 13

Eosin

Answer 13

(orange-red) - stains basic cellular components: hemoglobin, some cytoplasmic granules (i.e. in eosinophils) and other basic proteins

Question 14

Methylene Blue

Answer 14

(blue-purple) - stains acidic cellular elements: RNA, DNA, basophil granules, cytoplasm of mature lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 15

Life cycle of Reticulocyte

Answer 15

Bone marrow (3-4 days), circulates in peripheral blood for 1-2 days, identified with supravital stain (causes ribosomes, RNA and other organelles to aggregate into reticulum)

Question 16

Variables affecting RBC count

Answer 16

Age (4.10 - 6.10, 3.80 - 5.20, 4.20 - 5.40), Sex (Men: 4.60 - 6.20, Women: 4.20 - 5.40), Geographic Location (high altitude > low altitude)

Question 17

Types and Contents of Granules in Platelets

Answer 17

Alpha - fibrinogen, PDGF; Delta - Ca2+, pyrophosphate, ADT and ATP

Question 18

Normal Platelet Count

Answer 18

150 - 400 x 10^9 /L (does NOT vary with age or sex)

Question 19

Variables affecting WBC count

Answer 19

Variable in pediatric years but not in adult years (high at 1-3 days, decreases until 7-23 months and then high after that)

Question 20

Normal WBC count

Answer 20

4.5 - 11.0 x 10^9 /L (>18 years of age)

Question 21

Types and (some) Contents of Granules in Neutrophils

Answer 21

Primary (azurophilic - stain red-blue to purple) - contains lysozyme; Secondary (specific - stain tan-pink) - contains lysozyme, collagenase, C5a-cleaving enzyme; Secondary granules outnumber Primary granules 8-10:1

Question 22

Normal Neutrophil Count (absolute)

Answer 22

1.8-7.8 x 10^9 /L

Question 23

Normal Eosinophil Count (absolute)

Answer 23

0.0-4.0 x 10^9 /L (2nd most abundant granulocyte in peripheral blood)

Question 24

Normal Basophil Count (absolute)

Answer 24

0.0 - 0.2 x 10^9 /L (least abundant granulocyte and WBC in peripheral blood)

Question 25

Basophil Granule Contents

Answer 25

Eosinophilic chemotactic factor, heparin, histamine, peroxidase

Question 26

Normal Monocyte Count (absolute)

Answer 26

0.2 - 0.9 x 10^9 /L