33. Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Introduction

Question 1

Define

Critical period

Answer 1

a maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli

Question 2

Define

Neurodevelopmental disorder

Answer 2

impairments of the growth and development of the brain and/or central nervous system

Question 3

Define

Cerebral cortex

Answer 3

Responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness and voluntary movement

Question 4

Define

Amygdala

Answer 4

Part of the limbic system involved in emotion and aggression

Question 5

Define

Cerebellum

Answer 5

Structure that coordinates fine muscle movement and balance

Question 6

Define

Hypothalamus

Answer 6

Responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control

Question 7

Define

Hippocampus

Answer 7

Part of the limbic system involeved in learning and memory

Question 8

Define

Medulla

Answer 8

Responsible for regulating largely unconsicious functions such as breathing and circulation

Question 9

Define

Neocortex

Answer 9

the large 6-layered dorsal region of the cerebral cortex that is unique to mammals

Question 10

Define

Gastrula

Answer 10

an early metazoan embryo in which the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established either by invagination of the blastula (as in fish and amphibians) to form a multilayered cellular cup with a blastopore opening into the archenteron or by differentiation of the blastodisc (as in reptiles, birds, and mammals) and inward cellular migration

Question 11

Define

Ectoderm

Answer 11

the outermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo that is the source of various tissues and structures (such as the epidermis, the nervous system, and the eyes and ears)

Question 12

Define

Neural tube

Answer 12

the hollow longitudinal dorsal tube formed by infolding and subsequent fusion of the opposite ectodermal folds in the vertebrate embryo that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord

Question 13

Define

Notochord

Answer 13

Rod-like structure in the middles of the embryo that secretes factors that provide position and fate information

Question 14

Define

Circuit formation

Answer 14

Growth of axons and dendrites followed by synapse formation (synaptogenesis)

Question 15

Define

Radial glial cell

Answer 15

bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex

Question 16

Define

Ventricular zone

Answer 16

a transient embryonic layer of tissue containing neural stem cells, principally radial glial cells, of the central nervous system (CNS)

Question 17

Define

Tangenital migration

Answer 17

the movement of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex

Question 18

Define

Ganglionic eminence

Answer 18

a transitory structure in the development of the nervous system that guides cell and axon migration. It is present in the embryonic and fetal stages of neural development found between the thalamus and caudate nucleus

Question 19

Define

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 19

any of a group of developmental disorders marked by impairments in the ability to communicate and interact socially and by the presence of repetitive behaviors or restricted interests

Question 20

Define

Schizophrenia

Answer 20

a mental illness that is characterized by disturbances in thought (such as delusions), perception (such as hallucinations), and behavior (such as disorganized speech or catatonic behavior), by a loss of emotional responsiveness and extreme apathy, and by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life

Question 21

Define

GABA

Answer 21

an amino acid C4H9NO2 that is a neurotransmitter which induces inhibition of postsynaptic neurons

Question 22

Definition

a maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli

Answer 22

Critical period

Question 23

Definition

impairments of the growth and development of the brain and/or central nervous system

Answer 23

Neurodevelopmental disorder

Question 24

Definition

Responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness and voluntary movement

Answer 24

Cerebral cortex

Question 25

# Definition Part of the limbic system involved in emotion and aggression

Answer 25

Amygdala

Question 26

# Definition Structure that coordinates fine muscle movement and balance

Answer 26

Cerebellum

Question 27

# Definition Responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control

Answer 27

Hypothalamus

Question 28

# Definition Part of the limbic system involeved in learning and memory

Answer 28

Hippocampus

Question 29

# Definition Responsible for regulating largely unconsicious functions such as breathing and circulation

Answer 29

Medulla

Question 30

# Definition the large 6-layered dorsal region of the cerebral cortex that is unique to mammals

Answer 30

Neocortex

Question 31

# Definition an early metazoan embryo in which the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established either by invagination of the blastula (as in fish and amphibians) to form a multilayered cellular cup with a blastopore opening into the archenteron or by differentiation of the blastodisc (as in reptiles, birds, and mammals) and inward cellular migration

Answer 31

Gastrula

Question 32

# Definition the outermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo that is the source of various tissues and structures (such as the epidermis, the nervous system, and the eyes and ears)

Answer 32

Ectoderm

Question 33

# Definition the hollow longitudinal dorsal tube formed by infolding and subsequent fusion of the opposite ectodermal folds in the vertebrate embryo that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord

Answer 33

Neural tube

Question 34

# Definition Rod-like structure in the middles of the embryo that secretes factors that provide position and fate information

Answer 34

Notochord

Question 35

# Definition Growth of axons and dendrites followed by synapse formation (synaptogenesis)

Answer 35

Circuit formation

Question 36

# Definition bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex

Answer 36

Radial glial cell

Question 37

# Definition a transient embryonic layer of tissue containing neural stem cells, principally radial glial cells, of the central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 37

Ventricular zone

Question 38

# Definition the movement of interneurons from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex

Answer 38

Tangenital migration

Question 39

# Definition a transitory structure in the development of the nervous system that guides cell and axon migration. It is present in the embryonic and fetal stages of neural development found between the thalamus and caudate nucleus

Answer 39

Ganglionic eminence

Question 40

# Definition any of a group of developmental disorders marked by impairments in the ability to communicate and interact socially and by the presence of repetitive behaviors or restricted interests

Answer 40

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 41

# Definition a mental illness that is characterized by disturbances in thought (such as delusions), perception (such as hallucinations), and behavior (such as disorganized speech or catatonic behavior), by a loss of emotional responsiveness and extreme apathy, and by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life

Answer 41

Schizophrenia

Question 42

# Definition an amino acid C4H9NO2 that is a neurotransmitter which induces inhibition of postsynaptic neurons

Answer 42

GABA

Question 43

What are the three germ layers?

Answer 43

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

Question 44

Which germ layer does the nervous system originate from?

Answer 44

Ectoderm

Question 45

At the end of week 3 of gestation, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_induces the formation of _________ from the ectoderm, which then folds and fuse to form the neural tube.

Answer 45

At the end of week 3 of gestation, the **notochord** induces the formation of **neural plate** from the ectoderm, which then folds and fuse to form the neural tube.

Question 46

What does the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain differentiate into?

Answer 46

**Forebrain:** * Telecephalon (Cerebrum) * Diencephalon (Hypothalamus) **Midbrain:** * Mesencephalon (Brainstem) **Hindbrain:** * Melencephalon (Pons and cerebellum) * Myelencephalon (Medulla)

Question 47

How do excitatory neuron migrate?

Answer 47

Excitatory neurons attach to radial glial cells allowing them to migrate from the ventricular zone to the surface of the brain

Question 48

Where are excitatory neurons "born"?

Answer 48

Ventricular zone

Question 49

Where are inhibitory neurons "born"?

Answer 49

Ganglionic eminence

Question 50

How do inhibitory neurons migrate?

Answer 50

There are no radial glial cells to attach to so they "swim" from the ganglionic eminence towards the surface of the brain based on guidance cues

Question 51

Which neurons are primarily found in layers 2 and 3?

Answer 51

Inhibitory neurons

Question 52

During what stage does the vast majority of the congenital abnormalities occur?

Answer 52

Embryonic stage of prenatl development

Question 53

What are the two stages of prenatal development?

Answer 53

Embryonic Fetal

Question 54

What is the characteristics of the brain at birth?

Answer 54

Gross anatomy of CNS resembles adult Repertoire of neurons of neocortex are largely established

Question 55

What happens to the brain during infancy?

Answer 55

Massive outgrowth of dendrites and axons Synaptogenesis, gliogenesis, myelination Neurogenesis in cerebellum still occurring,

Question 56

What structural changes occur in the adolescent brain?

Answer 56

Reduction in grey matter of neocortex – pruning of synapses Increases in white matter – increased myelination and connectivity Axonal sprouting and growth in circuits in the amygdala and cortex

Question 57

What behaviour changes occur due to the structural changes of the adolescent brain?

Answer 57

Increased social behaviour Novelty and sensation seeking Tendencies towards risk taking Emotional instability Impulsivity Dominance of peer relationships

Question 58

What are the three main critical periods and when do they occur?

Answer 58

Senses (infancy) Language (late infancy/early childhood) Higher cognition (childhood)

Question 59

What causes neurodevelopmental disorders?

Answer 59

deficits in neurogenesis, progenitor cell proliferation, migration, synapse formation and myelination during embryogenesis

Question 60

What is the role of GABA in neuronal development?

Answer 60

* During embryonic and early postnatal development, GABA is excitatory * GABA is crucial for generating synchronised patterns of activity of developing networks * GABA switches from excitatory to inhibitory at birth potentially to protect neurons from hypoxia

Question 61

What is the excitatory/inhibitory theory for neurodevelopmental disorders?

Answer 61

Alterations in the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory cortical activity contribute to NDD