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Biology > 3.3 Respiration/Glycolysis > Flashcards

3.3 Respiration/Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs cycle

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2
Q

Respiration definition

A

Catabolic process that involves a series of enzyme catalysed reactions in cells

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3
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Complete breakdown of glucose ad requires oxygen as the final electron a vote or
Large amounts of energy are released
Large number of ATP molecules
Oxidative phosphorylation

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4
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Incomplete breakdown of glucose
No oxygen
Little energy is released
Small number of ATP molecules
Substrate level phosphorylation

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5
Q

NAD and FAD allow

A

Enzymes to work

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6
Q

What do NAD and FAD do

A

Transfer hydrogen atoms from stages of respiration to the ETC

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7
Q

NAD

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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8
Q

FAD

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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9
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

In cytosol

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10
Q

Glycolysis is anaerobic as it requires no

A

Oxygen

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11
Q

The amount of ATP molecules needed for the phosphorylation of glucose

A

2

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12
Q

Glucose is phosphorylised and forms

A

Hexose bisphosphate

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13
Q

Hexose bisphosphate is

A

Unstable
More reactive

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14
Q

Hexose bisphosphate splits into

A

2 molecules of triose phosphate

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15
Q

Each TP molecule loses 2 hydrogen atoms by

A

Dehydrogenation

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16
Q

TP is oxidised to form

A

Pyruvate

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17
Q

Enzyme thar dehydrogenates

A

Dehydrogenase

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18
Q

What picks up hydrogen atoms

A

NAD +

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19
Q

NAD + and hydrogen atoms forms

A

NADH

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20
Q

The amount of ATP molecules synthesised

A

2

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21
Q

Type of phosphorylation that forms pyruvate

A

Substrate level

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22
Q

Products of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate
NADH
2 x ATP

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23
Q

Some energy lost as

A

Heat

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24
Q

If oxygen is available some energy is released in

A

Krebs Cycle

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25
Q

Glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + pi =

A

2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP + HEAT

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26
Q

Where link reaction takes place

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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27
Q

If oxygen is available

A

Pyruvate is actively transported into matrix of mitochondria

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28
Q

In link reaction the Pyruvate…down a concentration gradient

A

Diffuses

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29
Q

Pyruvate is…by decaroxylase

A

Decarboxylated

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30
Q

Enzyme that decarboxylates

A

Decarboxylase

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31
Q

What is released during decarboxylation

A

Carbon dioxide

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32
Q

Pyruvate is also

A

Dehydrogenated

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33
Q

Enzyme that dehydrogenates

A

Dehydrogenase

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34
Q

What is released during dehydrogenation

A

2 Hydrogen atoms

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35
Q

Pyruvate is converted into

A

2C acetate

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36
Q

NAD is…by hydrogen

A

Reduced

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37
Q

NAD + Hydrogen =

A

NADH2

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38
Q

Acetate is activated by combining with

A

Co-enzyme A

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39
Q

Acetate + Co-Enzyme A =

A

Acetyl Co-enzyme A

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40
Q

Each molecule of glucose produces 2 molecules of pyruvate so link reaction takes place…per glucose

A

2 times

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41
Q

Pyruvate is…

A

Oxidised

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42
Q

What happens to the Acetyl CoA

A

Enters the Krebs cycle

43
Q

How many carbons does Acetyl CoA have

A

2

44
Q

What happens to the hydrogen that is released

A

Goes into the NADH

45
Q

What is the Krebs cycle

A

A series of enzyme controlled reactions

46
Q

Where the Krebs cycle takes place

A

Matrix of mitochondria

47
Q

The Krebs cycle is a series of…and…reactions

A

Decarboxylation
Dehydrogenation

48
Q

The energy in the bonds is carried by

A

Electrons in the hydrogen atoms in the NADH and FADH

49
Q

Krebs cycle takes place…times per glucose molecule

A

2

50
Q

Acetate from the Acetyl CoA combines with…and forms a…

A

4C compound
6C compound

51
Q

The co-enzyme is….and returns to…

A

Regenerated
Link reaction

52
Q

The 4C Compound is regenerated via series of…and…intermediates

A

6C and 5C

53
Q

Amount of atoms of carbon lost in 2 molecules of CO2

A

2

54
Q

Carbon lost in CO2 and oxygen comes from water molecules. So as process uses water it is

A

Oxidative decarboxylation

55
Q

How many hydrogens are lost in Krebs

A

8

56
Q

What do the 8 lost hydrogen atoms/four pairs do

A

Reduce NAD AND FAD

57
Q

How many molecules of NADH2 are produced per acetyl co-a molecule

A

3

58
Q

How many molecules of FADH2 are produced for each acetyl-CoA molecule

A

1

59
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced in Krebs

A

1

60
Q

What is the ATP in Krebs produced by

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

61
Q

Decarboxylation

A

Decarboxylase removes a carbon from a carboxyl group

62
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

Dehydrogenase removes one or more hydrogen atoms

63
Q

How many H2Os used per cycle

A

3

64
Q

How many ATP produced per glucose molecule

A

2

65
Q

Decarboxylation happens…per cycle

A

Twice

66
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located

A

Cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane

67
Q

What carries hydrogen atoms to the ETC

A

NADH and FADH

68
Q

In the ETC NADH and FADH are

A

Oxidised

69
Q

As NADH and FADH release hydrogens, the protons and electrons drive…

A

Chemiosmosis

70
Q

At the end of the ETC the electrons ad protons combine with

A

Oxygen

71
Q

Oxygen in the ETC is the

A

Final electron acceptor

72
Q

In the ETC oxygen removes..

A

Electrons ad protons from the matrix

73
Q

By removing electrons and protons there is an

A

Electrochemical gradient

74
Q

If there was no gradient…would not function

A

ATP synthetase

75
Q

NAD feeds electrons into the chain…than FAD

A

Earlier

76
Q

Reduced NAD is associated with..pumps

A

3

77
Q

NADH produces…ATPs via oxidative phosphorylation

A

3

78
Q

FADH is associated with..pumps

A

2

79
Q

FADH produces…ATPs via oxidative phosphorylation

A

2

80
Q

Cyanide

A

Non competitive respiratory inhibitor of the final electron carrier
Prevents electrons and protons passing to oxygen to form water
Prevents gradient forming between inter membrane space and matrix
Chemiosmosis would stop

81
Q

No oxygen means

A

No final electron acceptor
Krebs and Link stop
NAD cannot be re-oxidised so cannot pick up more hydrogen
No oxidative phosphorylation takes place
No ATP formed

82
Q

For glycolysis to take place with no oxygen…and…must be constantly removed

A

Pyruvate
Hydrogen

83
Q

If there is no oxygen then…is used to oxide NAD

A

Alternative pathway

84
Q

How many different anaerobic pathways

A

2

85
Q

Where do the anaerobic pathways take place

A

Cytoplasm

86
Q

Anaerobic in animals

A

Cytoplasm
NADH must pass its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate
Pyruvate is the final electron acceptor
Lactate or lactic acid is formed

87
Q

Anaerobic in yeast and plants

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated
Forms ethanal
Carbon dioxide is released
NADH passes hydrogen atoms to ethanal
Ethanol formed
Called alcoholic fermentation
Non reversible and ethanol is toxic and will eventually kill cells

88
Q

Anaerobic respiration ATP production

A

Produced via substrate level phosphorylation
2 ATPSs per glucose molecule
2% efficient
Less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation

89
Q

Aerobic respiration produces…ATP molecules per glucose molecule respired

A

38

90
Q

Why 38 ATP may not be produced

A

ATP is required to move Pyruvate across membrane
Proton gradient can be compromised due to proton leakage across membrane rather than going through ATP synthetase
Molecules may leak through

91
Q

When glucose molecules have been depleted….can be used as alternative respiratory substances

A

Lipids
Amino acids

92
Q

Lipids are hydrolysed into…

A

Fatty acids
Glycerol

93
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses lipids

A

Lipase

94
Q

Glycerol is converted into

A

3C compound triose phosphate
Enters via glycolysis

95
Q

Fatty acids are split into

A

2C acetate molecules
Enter Krebs cycle as acetyl coA

96
Q

Proteins are hydrolysed into

A

Amino acids
Deaminated/amino group removed
In liver
Forms keto acid and ammonia

97
Q

Keto acids join at

A

Glycolysis via pyruvate
Krebs cycle via Acetyl CoA

98
Q

Amino acids are used

A

Only as an energy source in severe circumstances
Starvation

99
Q

Glycogen and starch are polymers of

A

Alpha glucose

100
Q

Glycogen and starch are hydrolysed to release

A

Glyocse
Enters glycolysis

101
Q

Sucrose

A

Disaccharide of glucose and fructose

102
Q

The electron transport chain

A

A series of props pumps and electron carriers

103
Q

RQ

A

Number of CO2 molecules produced / number of O2 consumed

Biology (5 decks)

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