2 Cells 1

Question 1

Clostridium Botulinum

Answer 1

foodborne, toxic
in milk… colonizes in infants during feeding on milk
causes botulism
toxin blocks the release of neurotransmitters

Question 2

Botox

Answer 2

local injection of botulism toxin
used for:
hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)
uncontrolled blinking
muscle spasms
wrinkles
migranes

Question 3

C. Botulinum and infants

Answer 3

causes death
ingestion of C> botulinum spores
lots of cases came from honey
bacteria grow in digestive tract, toxin released into blood
loss of ability to contract muscles (including heart and ability to breathe)

Flacid baby syndrome

Question 4

how many micro organisms in body

Answer 4

10^14

1. 5 kg bacteria
2. 3 million microbal genes

Question 5

Prokaryotes

Answer 5

Archaea (extremophils)

eubacteria: most bacteria, many pathogens

Question 6

Archaea types

Answer 6

methanogens: produce methane… evolved first
halophiles: lots of salt

Question 7

Eukaryotes

Answer 7

protozoa: single celled with nucleus. most pathogens

also plants and animals and fungi

Question 8

viruses

Answer 8

plant and animal

phage

Question 9

how many times has multicellularism evolved?

Answer 9

3 times
plants
animals
fungi

Question 10

why are microorganisms so small?

Answer 10

based on rates of diffusion

proks don’t have good circulation,…. so they rely on diffusion

Question 11

what is microbiology?

Answer 11

study of life on micron scale

microscopes
Light or electron microscopes

Question 12

tools for micro

Answer 12

microscope
indirect detection
culturing
tissue and animal models

Question 13

ex of “good” bacteria

Answer 13

probiotics

Question 14

what do bad bacteria do?

Answer 14

send you out of balance
most have their own niche and are only bad when they get into us

the goal is not to kill your host… then you die too…

Question 15

viral transmission of DNA

Answer 15

horizontal
between unrelated things

viruses have evolved 5 times

Question 16

bacterial transfer of DNA

Answer 16

linear… binary fission

Question 17

Burkholderia

Answer 17

soil bacteria

results in severe pnemonia because it brings in macropahges

Question 18

examples from slide 20?

Answer 18

examples from slide 20?

Question 19

vovox

Answer 19

green algea that can do photosynth

each cell is capable of reproduction unless they sacrifice themselves to make nitrogen

Question 20

yeast and fungi

Answer 20

reproduce by budding not dividing (yeast)

Question 21

prokaryotes

Answer 21

eubacteria and archaea

“before little nut”… no nucleus

Question 22

bacterial cell shapes

Answer 22

baccilus, coccus, spiral, pleomorphic, vibrio

Question 23

baccilus

Answer 23

rod

Question 24

coccus

Answer 24

spherical

Question 25

spiral

Answer 25

1+ twist

Question 26

pleomorphic`

Answer 26

many shapes

Question 27

bacterial arrangements

Answer 27

chains, clusters, pairs, groups of 4, cubes, random

Question 28

chains

Answer 28

strepto

Question 29

clusters

Answer 29

staph

Question 30

pairs

Answer 30

diplo

Question 31

groups of 4

Answer 31

tetrads

Question 32

cubes

Answer 32

sarcinae

Question 33

oxygen on planet

Answer 33

there was none before photosynth

so arcahea live in environments like this still “extreme environments”

Question 34

vibrio

Answer 34

one turn

Question 35

groupings of cocci

Answer 35

chains: divide in same plane
packets: divide at 90 degrees
clusters: divide randomly

Question 36

life requires

Answer 36

an aqueous environment

Question 37

phospholipid

Answer 37

charged hydrophillic head
uncharged hydrophobic tails
held together by glycerol (a 3 carbon lipid)

Question 38

gram negative bacteria

Answer 38

internal and external membrane

thin peptidoglycan wall

Question 39

gram positive bacteria

Answer 39

1 phospholipid bilayer

thick peptidoglycan wall

Question 40

purpose of bacteria cell wall

Answer 40

to protect bacteria from osmotic shock and help hold shape

Question 41

peptidoglycan

Answer 41

bacteria, not Archaea

Question 42

LPS Lipopolysaccharide

Answer 42

only gram negative have it
on the surface of outer membrane
cell wall basically in contact w/ environment
-prevents immune response
-how our cells recognize it
intense inflammatory response
if we put it in human straight, they will die from shock

Question 43

Lipid A

Answer 43

endotoxin
core
very pro inflammatory
how body recognizes gram neg. bacteria

Question 44

Polysachharide tail (“O” antigen)

Answer 44

helps w/ protein folding and presentation
immune evasion
variable

Question 45

diffusion

Answer 45

entropy at work

from high to low conc

Question 46

simple diffusion

Answer 46

small molecs

Question 47

Lipd A (same slide)

Answer 47

endotoxin
core
very pro inflammatory
how body recognizes gram neg. bacteria