chap 1-8

Question 1

In 1900, most diseases were short-duration, active infectious diseases, but by the end of the century what was the underlining causes of disease?

Answer 1

behavior and lifestyle were the underlying causes of most diseases.

Question 2

while in 2005 three of the leading causes of death were ?

Answer 2

heart disease, cancer, and stroke.

Question 3

In the U.S. the three leading causes of death for adults 25-44 are

Answer 3

unintentional injuries, cancer and heart disease.

Question 4

African Americans have higher rates of health problems than European Americans. Hispanic Americans also experience poverty, low educational levels, and negative effects to health true or false

Answer 4

true

Question 5

why is health care so expensive

Answer 5

Expensive medical procedures such as heart surgery, hemodialysis and heighten imaging techniques contribute to the rising cost of Health Care.

Question 6

Biomedical Model

Answer 6

diseases produced by pathogens, a disease causing organism.

Question 7

The Biopsychosocial Model

Answer 7

offers an alternative view, adding psychological and social factors to biological ones.

Question 8

Psychosomatic Medicine is

Answer 8

based on the premise that physical illness has its roots in psychological and emotional conflicts.

Question 9

Behavioral Medicine is

Answer 9

altered psychology’s role in medicine by concentrating on behavioral rather than mental factors in health and illness.

Question 10

Health Psychology is

Answer 10

a field of psychology dealing with the scientific study of behaviors that relate to health enhancement, disease prevention, and rehabilitation.

Question 11

Placebos can also produce negative effects, called

Answer 11

Nocebo Effect.

Question 12

Epidemiology is

Answer 12

a branch of medicine that investigates factors contributing to the occurrence of a disease in a particular population.

Question 13

The statistical technique of Meta-Analysis allows

Answer 13

researchers to evaluate many research studies on the same topic,

Question 14

The Health Belief Model

Answer 14

The health belief model includes four factors as predictors of health-related behaviors: perceived susceptibility to disease or disability, perceived severity of the disease or disability, perceived benefits of health-enhancing behaviors, and perceived barriers to health-enhancing behaviors.

Question 15

The Theory of Reasoned Action

Answer 15

A person’s intention to act is the immediate determinant of behavior, but Intentions are shaped by one’s attitude toward the behavior

Question 16

The Precaution Adoption Process Model

Answer 16

In Stage 1 - People are unaware of the hazard.
In Stage 2 - They are aware of the hazard but believe that they are not at risk but others are; that is, they have an Optimistic Bias.
In Stage 3 - People acknowledge their personal susceptibility and accept the notion that precaution would be personally effective.
In Stage 4 - Action occurs.
In Stage 5 - In this parallel stage people decide that action is unnecessary.
In Stage 6 - People have already taken the precautions aimed at reducing risk.
In Stage 7 - Involves maintaining the Precaution.

Question 17

what gender is more likely to seek treatment?

Answer 17

women

Question 18

The immune system includes

Answer 18

Lymph (circulating fluid that contains a type of white blood cell called lymphocytes) and lymph nodes (interspersed oval capsule structures) through which lymph circulates

Question 19

what are are also involved with the production, maturation, or differentiation of the various types of lymphocytes.

Answer 19

Thymus, Tonsils, and Spleen

Question 20

a. The Immune Surveillance Theory hypothesizes

Answer 20

a critical role for the immune system in the development of diseases. With cancer, for example, the immune system fails to control the proliferation of cancerous cells.

Question 21

1. The Diathesis-Stress Model

Answer 21

suggests that some individuals are vulnerable to stress-related diseases because either genetic weakness or biochemical imbalance inherently predisposes them to those diseases

Question 22

what causes many headaches?

Answer 22

stess

Question 23

Hypertension is

Answer 23

The relationship between stress and temporary increases in blood pressure is stronger than the evidence for stress as a factor in chronic hypertension. No simple relationship exists between stress and hypertension.

Question 24

Pain and the Nervous System

Answer 24

All sensory stimulation, including pain, starts with activation of sensory neurons and proceeds with the relay of neural impulses toward the brain.

Question 25

The Somatosensory System

Answer 25

conveys sensory information from the body through the spinal cord to the brain.

Question 26

The skin is mapped in the

in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 26

Somatosensory Cortex

Question 27

Primary afferents from the skin enter the spinal cord where they synapse with neurons in the

Answer 27

Dorsal Horns of the spinal cord.

Question 28

Gate Control Theory of pain

Answer 28

that a gating mechanism exists in the spinal cord and that sensory input is modulated in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.

Question 29

what test is used to test pain

Answer 29

Standardized tests, such as the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) and the MMPI-2, have also been used to assess pain.

Question 30

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Answer 30

This system holds that a vital force called qi (or chi) flows through the body. If the flow is blocked or becomes stagnant, illness can occur.

Question 31

Ayurvedic Medicine

Answer 31

Ayurveda, or Ayurvedic medicine, originated in India more than 2,000 years ago. Its goal is to integrate and balance the body, soul, and mind.