331 Exam 1 Flashcards
(39 cards)
Experimental research designs
- When change something in child’s environment and measure results
- 2 components:
- At least two groups (control vs. intervention group)
- Random assignment
- Can determine causation
- Gold standard in child development research
Correlational research designs
- Measure of relationship between two variables; study how things naturally occur without manipulation
- Measures strength and direction of relationship
Qualitative research designs
- Words rather than numbers
- Includes: focus groups, interviews, observations, etc.
- Gain rich information not obtainable from numbers
3 types of research designs
experimental, correlational, qualitative
What is the key component that allows experimental research designs to establish causation?
Random assignment of individuals—equal chance of being assigned to either group
What are factors that influence children’s growth and motor development?
Genes
Exercise
Nutrition
Quality of parent-child relationships
Key risk factors
o Poverty
o Violent neighborhoods
o Child maltreatment
o Moving frequently
o Low literacy of parents
o Teenage mother
o Born prematurely
o Low birth weight
What are the two forms of plasticity?
Experience-expectant plasticity vs. experience-dependent plasticity
**Who is most likely to be obese?
Those in poverty
What are risk factors for obesity?
- Exercise—greater calorie intake than calorie output
- Diet—too many sugary drinks, increased portion sizes, poor nutrition choices
- Sleep deprivation—less than 10 hours of children leads to adult obesity
- Television viewing—reduces activity level and promotes calorie intake
- Parent behavior—parents being obese as well, skipping family mealtime, being negative during mealtime, being highly controlling about eating, no cooking
**What is the area of the cerebral cortex that “makes us human”? With what processes is this area associated?
Pruning and synaptogenesis; frontal cortex
Parent-child relationships are bidirectional, meaning there is a give and take between child and parent. What concept describes this phenomenon?
Transactional
4 different systems of Bioecological model
o Microsystem—most proximal; family, school, childcare
o Mesosystem—intersection of microsystems; family and school, family and neighborhood
o Exosystem—social settings that do not directly contain child; PTA committee, parent’s work
o Macrosystem—most distal; cultural values, morals, customs, workplace laws
Which system of the bioecological model is most important for development?
Microsystem–most proximal to child; family, childcare, school
What is cultural capital?
Knowledge and relationships that allow you to succeed in that culture
What is the difference between fine and gross motor skills?
o Fine motor skills—very little motor control; small muscle movements, like picking up a bean
o Gross motor skills—involve large muscle movements, like walking or throwing
What is context?
o Total setting or situations that interact with developing persons
o Children cannot be separated from their context
o i.e. mathematics in streets vs. in the schools
Define resilience; examples?
- When protective factors accumulate, children are more likely to become resilient
- High frequent mover still is able to achieve at outstanding academic test results
Define risk factors; examples?
- Established predictors of undesirable outcomes
* i.e. poverty, teenage mother, child maltreatment, moving frequently, born prematurely, etc.
Define protective factors; examples?
- Vaccine against risk factors
* i.e. effective caregiving and close relationships, high cognitive skills, hope, effective schools
What is the 30 million-word gap example describing?
Rich vs. poor situations; not being exposed to those words as an infant
What is a theory?
o An organized group of concepts or principles used to describe, explain, and predict a particular aspect of human development
o Theory guides research
o i.e. attachment theory
**Why is the HPA axis important? What is the “end product”?
Adrenaline is delivered into your neurobiological system by what is known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
End product = cortisol
**Why is the SNS important? What is its end product?
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