3.3.1 Intro to Organic Chem

Question 1

What is a hydrocarbon?

Answer 1

A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

Question 2

What does ‘‘saturated’’ mean?

Answer 2

Contain single carbon-carbon bonds only

Question 3

What does ‘‘unsaturated’’ mean?

Answer 3

Contains C=C double bond

Question 4

What does a molecular formula tell you?

Answer 4

The actual number of each type of atom

Question 5

What does an empirical formula tell you?

Answer 5

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Question 6

What is a general formula?

Answer 6

Algebraic formula for a homologous series

Question 7

What does the structural formual show you?

Answer 7

Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 8

What does the displayed formula show you?

Answer 8

All the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule

Question 9

What does a skeletal formula show you?

Answer 9

The carbon skeleton and the associated functional groups of an organic compound

Question 10

What is the order of priority for naming functional groups?

Answer 10

Carboxylic acids > aldehydes > keytones > alcohols > alkenes > halogenoalkanes

1. Carboxylic Acids / Aldehydes / Keytones
2. Alcohols
3. Alkenes
4. Haloalkanes

Question 11

What are the differnet functional groups?

Answer 11

1) Alkanes
2) Alkenes
3) Alcohols - OH
4) Halogenoalkanes - Cl/Br/I
5) Aldehydes - COH
6) Ketones - CO
7) Carboxylic Acids - COOH
8) Esters - COO

Question 12

What’s the shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 12

Tetrahedral

Question 13

What is a functional group?

Answer 13

An atom or group of atoms which, when present in different molecules, causes them to have similar chemical properties.

Question 14

What is a homologous series?

Answer 14

Homologous series are families of organic compounds with the same functional group and the same general formula

➤ They show a gradual change in physical properties
➤ Each member differs by CH2 from the last
➤ Same Chemical Properties

Question 15

What are the 5 first alkyl groups? General formula?

Answer 15

methyl
ethyl
propyl
butyl
pentyl

CnH2n+1

Question 16

3 Rules of Syntax for Nomenclature

Answer 16

1. Words are separated by numbers with dashes
2. Numbers are separated by commas
3. If there is more than one side chain, go in alphabetical order

Question 17

How do you add a suffix? e.g for an alcohol, or alkene

Answer 17

1. If the suffix begins with a vowel, e.g -ol, then remove an e.
2. If it begins with a consonant, do not remove the e- from the stem.

Question 18

Naming Alkenes - A Summary (4 points)

Answer 18

1. Use the lower number of the two for the position of the double bond
2. Names may include E or Z to show the type of stereoisomer
3. If more than one double bond is present, suffix is diene or triene
4. The suffix -en can go in front of other suffixes. e.g 2-bromobut-3-en-1-ol

Question 19

Naming Halogenoalkanes - A Summary

Answer 19

1. Use prefixes -fluoro -chloro -bromo -iodo
2. Multiple side chains are listed in alphabetical order
3. Low priority

Question 20

Naming Alcohols - A Summary

Answer 20

1. ending -ol
2. position is between the name stem and the -ol
3. higher priority than alkenes and haloalkanes
4. becomes a hydroxy- if there’s another functional group with higher priority

Question 21

Naming Aldehydes - A Summary

Answer 21

1. Aldehydes are COH
2. End in -al
3. Always on the first carbon of the chain
4. Very high priority

Question 22

Naming Ketones - A Summary

Answer 22

1. end in one
2. only need the number position when there are 5Cs or more in a chain

Question 23

Naming Carboxylic Acids - A Summary

Answer 23

1. -oic acids
2. Always at the end of the chain
3. If there are carboxylic acids on both ends, it’s called a dioic acid

Question 24

What are structural isomers?

Answer 24

Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

Question 25

What are the 3 types of structural isomerism?

Answer 25

1. Chain isomerism 2. Position isomerism 3. Functional group isomerism

Question 26

What are chain isomers?

Answer 26

Same molecular formula, different structures of the carbon skeleton such that it's more branched

Question 27

What are position isomers?

Answer 27

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with the same functional group positioned differently on the carbon skeleton

Question 28

What are functional group isomers?

Answer 28

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups

Question 29

What are the matching pairs for functional group isomers?

Answer 29

1. Aldehydes + Keytones 2. Alkenes + Cycloalkanes 3. Ester + Carboxylic ACids

Question 30

What is reforming?

Answer 30

The formation of a cyclic compound, through the use of a platinum catalyst

Question 31

What is the purpose of reforming?

Answer 31

The cyclic compounds are easier to burn, hence make better fuels.

Question 32

Give the general equation for a reformation reaction

Answer 32

Alkane ➤ Cycloalkane + H2

Question 33

What is stereoisomerism?

Answer 33

Stereoisomers have the same structural formulae but different spacial arrangement of atoms

Question 34

Explain how E-Z isomers arise. MS [2]

Answer 34

➤ there is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond ➤ there are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond

Question 35

How do you identify the priority group in an e-z isomer?

Answer 35

The atom with the bigger atomic number

Question 36

How do you name E-Z isomers?

Answer 36

1. Determine the priority groups on both sides of the double bond 2. If the priority atom is on the same size, it is labelled Z 3. If the priority group is on the opposite site, it is labelled E

Question 37

How does E-Z stereoisomerism effect physical properties?

Answer 37

They can have differing melting and boiling points. For instance, depending on the position of certain electronegative atoms, it can actually make a molecule polar or non polar. Polar molecules have a higher melting point since IM forces are both VDW and permanent dipole dipole.

Question 38

What is meant by heating under reflux? [2]

Answer 38

-Boiling a mixture -And condensing / cooling the vapour to return it back to the reaction mixture

Question 39

Each homologous series has its own general formula. State two other characteristics of an homologous series: MS [2]

Answer 39

-React in the same way since they are chemically similar -Differ by CH2 -Have a trend in physical properties that gradually changes

Question 40

Define saturated: MS [1]

Answer 40

Single bonds only

Question 41

Explain how the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) priority rules can be used to deduce the full IUPAC name of this compound. [6] GOOGLE DOC

Answer 41

-Consider the groups joined to the right hand carbon of the C=C bond -Consider the atomic number of the atoms attached -C has a higher atomic number than H, therefore CH2OH has a higher priority than H -Consider the groups joined to the left hand carbon of the C=C bond -Both groups contain C atoms, so consider atoms one bond further away -C from ethyl group has a higher atomic number than H from methyl group, so ethyl takes priority -The highest priority groups, ethyl and CH2OH, are on the same side of the C=C bond so the isomer is Z -Therefore, the name is Z-3-methylpent-2-en-1-ol