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Genetics > Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis > Flashcards

Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

big difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis - start with diploid & end with diploid

meiosis - start with diploid & end with haploid

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2
Q

cell cycle divided into…?

A

interphase and mitosis

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3
Q

time spent in interphase and mitosis

A

interphase: 20-22 hours until cell is ready to divide
mitosis: 2-4 hours when cell is actually dividing

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4
Q

what are the types of cells

A

labile, permanent, and stable cells

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5
Q

what are labile cells and examples?

A

labile cells can multiply throughout lifespan

ex: skin, GIT, epithelial

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6
Q

cells that are quiescent (G0) and only divide when appropriately stimulated

A

stable cells

ex: liver cells

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7
Q

what are permanent cells and example?

A

cells that have lost the capacity to divide hence permanently remain in G0 phase

ex: cardiac, neurons

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8
Q

stages of interphase

A

G1, S, and G2

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9
Q

what happens in G1 phase

A

new formed cells increase in size, protein synthesis, cell differentiation, cell checked if ready for division

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10
Q

what happens to some cells after G1 phase

A

they (stable and permanent) enter G0 phase

only stable can come out of G0 phase

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11
Q

what happens in S phase

A

DNA synthesis and DNA replication

so entire chromosome is replicated hence end up with double the amount of chromatids

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12
Q

what happens in G2 phase

A

chromatid doubled; cell increases to help formation of two new daughter cells; scanned for mistakes; post DNA rep mechanisms active

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13
Q

where are the checkpoints in cell cycle?

A

G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, and spindle assembly checkpoint in mitosis

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14
Q

what proteins are important at the G1 checkpoint (from G1 to S)

A

p53 and Rb

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15
Q

regulate the entry of cells into various phases of the cell cycle

A

cyclins

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16
Q

what happens if damage is found at a checkpoint

A

cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, or apoptosis

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17
Q

signals cells to move through the cell cycle so basically stimulate cell division

A

growth factors

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18
Q

cells have finite lifespan …what is it called when they can no longer divide

A

senescence

19
Q

what happens when there is a loss of p53 tumor suppressor activity?

A

proliferation of cells that are damaged under stress conditions –> tumor development

20
Q

chromatid number is doubled at the end of?

A

interphase specifically S

21
Q

what happens at the end of mitosis?

A

sister chromatids separated and two daughter cells formed

22
Q

stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and cytokinesis (cell division)

23
Q

this stage of mitosis - nuclear envelope disappears and chromosome starts to condense and bind to spindles

A

prophase

24
Q

this stage of mitosis - The microtubules attach to the centromere kinetochores during cell division

A

metaphase

25
Q

this stage of mitosis - sister chromatid separated and moved to centrioles

A

anaphase

26
Q

what happens in telophase

A

sister chromatids moved to opposite poles and nuclear envelope reappears; chromosomes become less condensed

27
Q

how many gametes formed at the end of meiosis

A

4 (23X or 23Y)

28
Q

difference between meiosis I and meiosis II

A

meiosis I: homologous chromosomes separate

meiosis II: sister chromatids separate

29
Q

what is homologous recombination and when does it occur

A

exchange of short fragments of their genetic material

meiosis I

30
Q

importance of meiosis

A

genetic recombination and genetic diversity

formation of haploid gamete

31
Q

error in the ability of the mitotic

spindle apparatus to pull the chromosome apart

A

nondisjunction in meiosis

32
Q

difference when nondisjunction occurs in meiosis I vs. meiosis II

A

meiosis I: homologous chromosomes do not separate

meiosis II: sister chromatids did not separate

33
Q

45X

A

Turner’s Syndrome

34
Q

47XXY

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

35
Q

45X and 47XXY

A

all results of nondisjunction

36
Q

undergone all mitotic division of gametes by birth

A

females

37
Q

difference between male and females at the end of meiosis

A

male: 4 haploid gametes
female: 1 ovum and three polar bodies

38
Q

phase in which oocytes are arrested during fetal development until ovulation

A

prophase I of meiosis

39
Q

phase in which oocytes are arrested after ovulation but until it is fertilized

A

metaphase II of meiosis

40
Q

men spew out how many bad boys during ejaculation

A

100 to 200 million gametes

41
Q

number of mitoses in gamete formation in females vs. males

A

males: 30-500
females: 20-30

42
Q

risk if maternal or paternal age is increased

A

higher chance of nondisjunction

new dominant single gene mutation (man’s fault)

43
Q

A cell division in humans is observed. Cells in culture have their 23 total chromosomes (each composed of two sister chromatids) arranged along the equator of the cell. Which phase of the cell cycle is being observed?

A

metaphase II of meiosis

Genetics (19 decks)

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