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gen path- exam 1 > Edema > Flashcards

Edema Flashcards

1
Q

what is Edema?

A

Increased fluid within interstitial tissues

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2
Q

what are the 5 pathophysiological categories (causes) of Edema?

A

1) ↑ hydrostatic pressure, ↓ venous return
2) Reduced plasma osmotic pressure
3) Lymphatic obstruction
4) Sodium and water retention
5) Inflammation

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3
Q

what are the 2 forms of “generalized” edema?

A

anasarca (severe systemic edema)

hydrops (fetal edema)

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4
Q

what are the characteristics of transudate? exudate?

A

Transudate- low protein content, few cells

Exudate- High protein content, may contain white/red blood cells

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5
Q

what is effusion? give examples of forms of effusion

A

Effusion- collection of fluid in body cavity or space

Examples:

  • Pleural
  • Pericardial
  • Peritoneal (ascites)
  • joint space (synovial)
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6
Q

____________ is an increased tissue blood volume secondary to neurogenic mechanisms or inflammation (active)

A

Hyperemia

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7
Q

____________ is an increased tissue blood volume secondary to impaired venous return (passive)

A

congestion

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8
Q

congestion is caused by a blockage of blood ______

A

outflow

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9
Q

what is the difference between a Hematoma, Ecchymosis, Purpura and Petechia?

A

Hematoma, large mass of blood
Ecchymosis, >1 cm (bruise)
Purpura, 0.3-0.9 cm
Petechia, 1-2 MILLImeters (pinpoint)

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10
Q

what is a Hemmorage?

A

Loss of blood secondary to vessel injury or physical disruption

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11
Q

give examples of hemmorages into body spaces:

A

hemothorax, hemopericardium, hemarthrosis, hemoperitoneum

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12
Q

when does shock due to hemorrhaging occur?

A

during acute hemorrhage when > 20% of blood is lost

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13
Q

chronic hemorrhaging is called _____

A

anemia

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14
Q

what are the 3 major components of hemostasis?

A

1) endothelium
2) Platelets
3) Coagulation cascade

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15
Q

Exposure of basement membrane collagen will automatically binds free floating __________

A

vWF (von-willebrams factor)

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16
Q

what are the 3 phases to form a platelet plug?

A

Adhesion, secretion, aggregation

17
Q

vWF will bind to what location on the surface of platelets to start adhesion?

A

glycoprotein 1B

18
Q

what occurs during the secretion phase of platelet hemostasis?

A

1) platelets release ADP and Ca2+

2) expression of surface phospholipid (PL) complex

19
Q

what is the Aggregation phase of platelets mediated by?

A

mediated by ADP, TXA2, and thrombin

20
Q

what occurs when platelet fibrinogen binds to GP IIb-IIIa ?

A

the platelet plug becomes cemented by fibrin.

21
Q

the coagulation cascade is a series of _________ conversions

A

enzymatic

22
Q

during the coagulation cascade, where does the calcium-active enzyme-cofactor-substrate unit function?

(in other words, where are the enzyme reactions taking place)

A

at the phospholipid complex on platelet membranes

23
Q

what triggers the extrinsic coagulation cascade?

A

activated by tissue factor (thromboplastin)

24
Q

what activates the intrinsic coagulation cascade?

A

Factor XII

25
Q

______ and ______ are the final end-products of the coagulation cascade

A

fibrin and thrombin

26
Q

Extrinsic and intrinsic both come together through factors ____ and _____ during coagulation

A

factors 9 and 10

27
Q

__________ plays a role throughout the entire clotting cascade

A

thrombin

28
Q

how does vasoconstriction play a role in regulating coagulation?

A

contraction of vessel walls creates a smaller size of exposure

29
Q

what are the 4 stages of secondary hemostasis?

A

1) release of tissue factor
2) Phospholipid complex expression
3) Thrombin activation
4) Fibrin polymerization

30
Q

what molecules are secreted to shut down the coagulation of platelets?

(during antithrombic counter-regulation)

A

PGI2

NO

ADPase

31
Q

what molecules work together to stop the progression of fibrin clots?

A

Antithrombin III

Protein S (cofactor)

Protein C

thrombomodulin

32
Q

what 2 molecules work to break down fibrin?

A

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

plasmin

33
Q

protein C requires protein S in order to inactivate factors __________ and _________

A

factors 5a and 7a

34
Q

how does thrombomodulin block the coagulation cascade?

A

It reduces blood coagulation by converting thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme

  • it is produced on the surface of endothelial cells

gen path- exam 1 (10 decks)

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