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CNS > Organisation Of Canial Nerves > Flashcards

Organisation Of Canial Nerves Flashcards

0
Q

Sensory and motor organisation of the cranial nerves

A
  • as a group, the cranial nerves can have both sensory and motor functions
  • the cranial nerve nuclei are anatomically organised
  • there are 3 columns for sensory and 3 columns for motor
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1
Q

Organisation of cranial nerve nuclei

A
  • the cranial nerve nuclei are functionally specific
  • a cranial nerve may have more than one function so a cranial nerve maybe involved with more than one nucleus
  • this also means a nucleus maybe involved with more than 1 cranial nerve
  • similar function of nuclei are arranged in columns in the brain stem.
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2
Q

How are the cranial nerves grouped?

A

1) special somatic afferent: cranial nerves associated with special senses
2) special visceral afferent: taste
3) special visceral efferent/ branching motor: innervate skeletal muscle derived from brachial arches
4) general somatic afferent: carry general sensation from receptors in skin, muscles, joints of head and neck
5) general visceral afferent: sensation from viscera of head, thorax and abdomen
6) general visceral efferent: preganglionic parasympathetic neurones for cranial, thoracic and abdominal viscera
7) general somatic efferent: innervates somatic muscles

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3
Q

Olfactory nerve (I)

A

DO NOT HAVE NUCLEUS IN THE BRAINSTEM

  • a series of nerves attached to olfactory bulb
  • concerned with the sense of smell
  • exit foramen: cribriform plate
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4
Q

Optic nerve (II)

A

DO NOT HAVE NUCLEUS IN THE BRAINSTEM

  • axons organs ting from the ganglion cells in the retina
  • concerned with vision
  • exit foramen: optic canal
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5
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A

HAVE NUCLEUS IN THE BRAINSTEM

  • axons originate in the spinal ganglion of the cochlear and vestibular ganglion in the inner ear
  • concerned with hearing (cochlear branch) and position sense (vestibular branch)
  • exit foramen in auditory canal
  • enters brain stem at level of cerebellopontine angle
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6
Q

What are the brainstem cranial nerve nuclei associated only with special sense?

A
  • Cranial nerves associated with SSA= 1, 2 and 8

- while only cranial nerve 8 has nucleus in the brainstem

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7
Q

Oculomotor nerve(III)

A
  • somatomotor to superior/ medial/ inferior rectus/ inferior oblique and levator palpebrae superior
    And visceromotor (parasympathetic to ciliary muscle and iris)
  • exit at superior orbital fissure
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8
Q

Trochlear nerve (IV)

A
  • somatomotor to superior oblique
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9
Q

Abducent(VI)

A

-somatomotor to lateral rectus

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10
Q

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

A
  • somatomotor to muscle of the tongue
  • exit brainstem as multiple rootlets between pyramids and inferior olivary nucleus
  • exit at hypoglossal foramen
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11
Q

Which cranial nerves associate only with motor functions?

A
  • CN 3 exits brainstem ventrally
  • CN 4 exits brainstem dorsally
  • CN 6 exits brainstem ventrally at pontomedullary junction
  • they then all exit foramen superior orbital fissure
  • CN 12 exits brainstem as multiple rootless between pyramids and inferior olivary nucleus
  • exits foramen at hypoglossal foramen
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12
Q

What is the disease called when there’s a damage to hypoglossal nerve?

A
  • hypoglossal nerve palsy
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13
Q

Trigeminal nerve

A
  • both sensory and motor
  • sensory to head, face and inside mouth
    -motor branch to mandibular only: innervates muscles around jaw for mastication
    V1: opthalmic branch exits at superior orbital fissure
    V2: maxillary branch exits foramen rotundum
    V3: mandibular branch exits foramen ovale
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14
Q

What are the cranial nerves that have both motor and sensory functions?

A
  • trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves
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15
Q

Facial nerve (VII)

A
  • main component: motor to muscle of facial expression and also stapedius muscles + digastric muscles
  • taste: anterior 2/3 of the tongue
  • parasympathetic function: supply to secret glands in the head ie nasal, lacrimal..
  • sensation from a small region of external auditory meatus
  • exit brainstem at pontomedullary junction at the cerebellopontine angle-> then enters the internal auditory meatus and travels along the facial canal-> exits skull at stylomastoid foramen
16
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve(IX)

A
  • sensory: posterior 1/3 of taste and back of mouth; viscerosensory from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors in the neck; sensation from middle ear and posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • motor innervation of stylopharnygeus in pharynx for swallowing
  • parasympathetic to parotid gland
  • exit brainstem as rootlets along uper ventrolateral medulla
  • exit skull at jugular foramen
17
Q

Glossopharyngeal nuclei

A
  • branchiomotor innervation of stylopharyngeus muscle arises from nucleus ambiguus
  • parasympathetic fibres innervating parotid glands arise from inferior salivatory nucleus
  • General visceral sensory to chemoreceptors and baroreceptors in the neck inputs to nucleus solitarius (caudal)
  • General somatic sensory to posterior 1/3 of tongue and back of mouth for taste inputs to nucleus solitarius (rostral)
18
Q

Vagus nerve (X)

A
  • sensory: viscerosensory from visceral organs in thorax and abdomen
  • motor: innervation of some muscles in larynx and pharynx (allows speech and swallowing)
  • parasympathetic to visceral organs in thorax and abdomen
  • exit brainstem at pontomedullary junction at cerebellopontine angle
  • exits skull at jugular foramen
19
Q

Accessory nerve (XI)

A
  • small cranial component to muscle in larynx and pharynx
  • spinal component to muscles in the neck
  • cranial component: emerge from anterior surface of medulla oblongata
  • spinal component: nerve rootlets leave arise from upper 6 segments of spinal cord
  • exits skull at jugular foramen
20
Q

Accessory nerve nuclei

A
  • cranial roots formed by axons of nerve cells of nucleus ambiguus (innervating the muscles to larynx and pharynx)
  • spinal root formed from axons of nerve cells in the spinal nucleus( innervating the muscles in the neck)
  • sensory information is a very very small component= relates to pain
21
Q

Clinical values of cranial nerves

A
  • usually diseases would affect more than 1 cranial nerve as they lie closely to each other
  • there is a bilateral corticonuclear connection for all cranial nerves except that part of facial nucleus that affects the lower part of face and that part of hypoglossal nucleus that supplies the genioglossus muscle
22
Q

Bell’s palsy

A
  • affect one side of the face usually, the presenting symptoms are similar to patient with stroke BUT forehead is also affected, whereas in stroke patients,forehead is spared.
  • can result in Bell’s palsy due to an external blow to the face or overexposure to cold weather
  • lower motor nerurone paralysis and so patient shows no or little facial expression

CNS (15 decks)

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