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PUBH 4040 > 3: Morbidity & Mortality > Flashcards

3: Morbidity & Mortality Flashcards

1
Q

Count

A

Simplest and most frequently used quantitative measure. Refers to number of cases of a disease or other health phenomenon being studied. Significant for rare diseases or symptom presentations.

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2
Q

Ratio

A

value obtained by dividing one quantity by another. Includes proportions, rates, and percentages. x/y, where x and y are independent factors

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3
Q

Proportion

A

States a count relative to the size of the group. x is contained in y. typically expressed as a percentage. can demonstrate the magnitude of a problem

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4
Q

Rate

A

A ratio that consists of a numerator and denominator in which time forms part of the denominator. Contains disease frequency, unit size of population, and time period during which an event occurs.

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5
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of existing cases of a disease or health condition in a population at some designated time. Provides an indication of the extent of a health problem.

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6
Q

Uses of Prevalence

A
  • Describing the burden of a health problem in a population.
  • Estimating the frequency of an exposure.
  • Determining allocation of health resources such as facilities and personnel.
  • DOES NOT GIVE RISK!!
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7
Q

Point Prevalence

A

ill at point in time/total # in group at point in time

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8
Q

Point Prevalence

A

ill at point in time/total # in group at point in time

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9
Q

Period Prevalence

A

ill during time period/average population during time period

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10
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disease that occur in a group during a certain time period

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11
Q

Incidence Rate (Cumulative Incidence)

A

Describes the rate of development of a disease in a group over a certain time period.

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12
Q

Uses of Incidence Rate

A
  • Help in research on etiology
  • Estimate risk of developing a disease
  • Estimate effects of exposure to a hypothesized factor of interst
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13
Q

Incidence Rate

A

new cases over time period/total population at risk over time period

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14
Q

Attack Rate (AR)

A

Alternative form of incidence rate. used for disease observed in a population for a short time period, usually infectious. Not a true rate because time dimension often uncertain. Can be used to find source of attack. AR= ill/ill+well x 100 (during a time period)

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15
Q

Attack Rate (AR)

A

Alternative form of incidence rate. used for disease observed in a population for a short time period, usually infectious. Not a true rate because time dimension often uncertain. Can be used to find source of attack. AR= ill/ill+well x 100 (during a time period)

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16
Q

Incidence Density

A

Incidence measure used when members of a population or study group are under observation for different lengths of time. Incidence Density=new cases during time period/total person-time of observation.

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17
Q

Interrelationship between Prevalence and Incidence

A

Prevalence is proportional to incidence rate x duration of disease

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18
Q

Interrelationship between Prevalence and Incidence

A

Prevalence is proportional to incidence rate x duration of disease

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19
Q

Crude Birth Rate

A

Used to project population changes; affected by number and age composition of women of childbearing age. Crude Birth Rate=live births/population size x 1,000

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20
Q

General Fertility Rate

A

Used for comparisons of fertility among age racial and socioeconomic groups. General Fertility Rate=live births/#women 15-44yrs x 1,000

21
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

Used for international comparisons; high rate indicates unmet health needs and poor environmental conditions. Infant mortality=infant (0-365 days) deaths/live births x 1,000

22
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

Used for international comparisons; high rate indicates unmet health needs and poor environmental conditions. Infant mortality=infant (0-365 days) deaths/live births x 1,000

23
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

Used for international comparisons; high rate indicates unmet health needs and poor environmental conditions. Infant mortality=infant (0-365 days) deaths/live births x 1,000

24
Q

Fetal Death Rate

A

Used to estimate the risk of death of the fetus associated with the stages of gestation. Fetal Death Rate=fetal deaths >20 weeks gestation/live births + fetal deaths >20 weeks gestation x 1,000

25
Q

Fetal Death Rate

A

Used to estimate the risk of death of the fetus associated with the stages of gestation. Fetal Death Rate=fetal deaths >20 weeks gestation/live births + fetal deaths >20 weeks gestation x 1,000

26
Q

Late Fetal Death Rate

A

fetal deaths >28 weeks gestation/live births + fetal deaths >28 weeks gestation x 1,000

27
Q

Fetal Death Ratio

A

Measure of fetal loss relative tot he number of live births. Fetal Death Ratio=fetal deaths >20 weeks gestation/live births x 1,000

28
Q

Fetal Death Ratio

A

Measure of fetal loss relative tot he number of live births. Fetal Death Ratio=fetal deaths >20 weeks gestation/live births x 1,000

29
Q

Neonatal Mortality Rate

A

Reflects events happening after birth, primarily congenital malformations, prematurity, and low birth weight. Neonatal Mortality Rate= infant deaths

30
Q

Postneonatal Mortality Rate

A

Reflects environmental events, control of infectious diseases, and improvement in nutrition. infant deaths (28-365 days)/live births - neonatal deaths x 1,000

31
Q

Postneonatal Mortality Rate

A

Reflects environmental events, control of infectious diseases, and improvement in nutrition. infant deaths (28-365 days)/live births - neonatal deaths x 1,000

32
Q

Perinatal Mortality Rate

A

Reflects environmental events that occur during pregnancy and after birth; it combines mortality during the prenatal and postnatal periods. late fetal deaths + infant deaths

33
Q

Perinatal Mortality Rate

A

Reflects environmental events that occur during pregnancy and after birth; it combines mortality during the prenatal and postnatal periods. late fetal deaths + infant deaths

34
Q

Perinatal Mortality Ratio

A

late fetal deaths + infant deaths

35
Q

Maternal Mortality Rate

A

Reflects health care access and socioeconomic factors; it includes maternal deaths resulting from causes associated with pregnancy and puerperium (during and after childbirth). maternal deaths/ live births x 100,000

36
Q

Crude Rates

A

observed differences in crude rates may be the result of systematic factors (i.e. sex, or age distributions) within the population rather than true variation in rates. Corrected by constructing specific and adjusted rates.

37
Q

Specific Rates

A

Refer to a particular subgroup of the population defined in terms of race, age, sex, or single cause of death or illness. Much better indicators of risk than crude rates.

38
Q

Cause-Specific Rate

A

mortality or frequency of given disease/population size x 100,000

39
Q

Cause-Specific Rate

A

mortality or frequency of given disease/population size x 100,000

40
Q

Proportional Mortality Ratio (PMR)

A

Indicates relative importance of a specific cause of death; NOT a measure of the risk of dying of a particular cause. mortality due to specific cause/mortality due to all causes x 100

41
Q

Age-Specific Rate (Ri)

A

common factor for rate adjustment is age. cases in age group/total in age group x 100,000

42
Q

Age-Specific Rate (Ri)

A

common factor for rate adjustment is age. cases in age group/total in age group x 100,000

43
Q

Adjusted Rates

A

Summary measures of the rate of morbidity and mortality in a population. Direct and Indirect Methods.

44
Q

Direct Method

A

Application of an observed rate of disease in a population to a standard population. Specific rates in a population needs to be known. Rates can be standardized using year 2000 data as the standard. Provides a way to compare rates from one year to another.

45
Q

Indirect Method

A

Age-specific death rates of the population for standardization are unknown or unstable. construct a SMR

46
Q

Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR)

A

observed deaths/expected deaths x 100

47
Q

SMR=1.0

A

observed mortality is not unusual

48
Q

SMR=2.0

A

death rate in study population is two times greater than expected.

PUBH 4040 (12 decks)

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