Cellular mechanisms and cognition Flashcards

1
Q

G.W., a college-aged female who developed symptoms

of paranoia,

D…………………………………..

thinking, and emotional behavior was later diagnosed

with

S………………………….

A

Disorderly

Schizophrenia

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2
Q

Schizophrenia affects some 1% of the population and is

considered to be a disorder of

C……………………………

that has both genetic and

E……………………………

etiologies.

A

Cognition

Environmental

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3
Q

Neurons and

G……………………

cells make up the nervous system.

A

Glial

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4
Q

Neurons are the cells that

T…………………………..

information throughout the nervous system. Most

neurons consist of a cell soma (body),

A……………………,

and

D……………………………………

A

Transmit

Axon

Dendrites

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5
Q

Neurons come in many shapes and sizes, but they can

be classified into four morphological types:

U……………………,

B…………………,

P……………………………….

and

M………………………….

A

Unipolar

Bipolar

Pseudounipolar

Multipolar

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6
Q

Synapses occur at various

L……………………………………

along the neuron, primarily at the dendrites, and often on

the dendritic

S…………………,

where information is

R……………………..

A

Locations

Spines

Received

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7
Q

The presynaptic cell is located

B…………………….

the synapse with respect to information flow; the

P…………………………

cell is located after the synapse with respect to

information flow. Nearly all neurons are both pre-and

postsynaptic, since they both

R…………………….

and

T……………………… information.

A

Before

Postsynaptic

Receive

Transmit

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8
Q

Glial cells aid in the speed of information transfer by

forming M……………………

around the axons of the neurons; they also carry out other

roles in the nervous system, such as providing structural

support and forming the

B……………..-B……………………. B…………………………..

A

Myeling

Blood-Brain Barrier

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9
Q

An A………………………………..

is a type of glial cell that forms the blood-brain barrier.

A

Astrocyte

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10
Q

An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell that forms myelin

in the C………………….. N…………………………. S……………………….

A

Central Nervous System.

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11
Q

A S…………………… cell is a type of glial cell that forms

myelin in the peripheral nervous system.

A

Schwann

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12
Q

Nodes of Ranvier are the spaces between

S…………………………

of myelin where voltage-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ channels are

located and action potentials occur.

A

Sheaths

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13
Q

The resting membrane potential is the difference in the

V……………………………..

across the neuronal membrane during rest (i.e., not

during any phase of the action potential).

A

Voltage

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14
Q

The permeability of a membrane for a specific ion

depends on the extent to which the ion

C……………………

permits ions to cross the

M…………………………..

A

Channel

Membrane

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15
Q

ATP is the main source of

E………………………….

for the neuron and is used to operate the

Na⁺-……… pump.

A

Energy

K⁺

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16
Q

The electrical gradient results from the

A…………………………………..

distribution of ions across the membrane.

The electrical difference across the membrane is the

basis of the

R…………………….. potential.

A

Asymmetrical

Resting

17
Q

The Nernst equation is used to find the equilibrium

potential for the

I……….

A

Ion

18
Q

The G………………….. equation

takes into account the

P………………………………..

of several ions in determining the membrane potential.

A

Goldman

Permeability

19
Q

Passive current conduction is called electronic

conduction or

D…………………………….. conduction.

A

Decremental

20
Q

A depolarizing current makes the inside of the cell

M…………………. P…………………….

and therefore more likely to generate an action potential.

A

More Positive

21
Q

A H…………………………………….

current makes the inside of the cell less positive and

therefore less likely an action potential.

A

Hyperpolarizing

22
Q

The spike-triggering zone is the part of the neuron where

the A………………… P……………………

is generated.

A

Action Potential

23
Q

Action potentials are an all-or-none phenomenon:

The amplitude of the action potential does

N…….. D……………….

on the S……………..

of the triggering depolarization, as long as that

depolarization reaches threshold for initiating the

A……………….. P……………………..

A

Not Depend

Size

Action Potential

24
Q

Voltage-gated C…………………….

are of prime importance of generating an action potential

because they open and close according to the

M…………………………… P……………………………

A

Channels

Membrane Potential

25
Q

The large depolarization that is characteristics of the

I……………………….. phase

of the action potential is driven by the self-reinforcing

cycle of the voltage-gated

N… channels.

A

Initial

Na⁺

26
Q

K⁺ channels open

more S……………………….

than Na⁺ channels, but K⁺ efflux out of the cell is

much G…………………

than Na⁺ influx into the cell.

A

Slowly

Greater

27
Q

After the Na⁺ have closed, some K⁺ channels will remain

O………………….,

bringing the membrane potential closer to the K⁺

equilibrium potential, which is below the resting potential

of the M…………………………..

A

Open

Membrane

28
Q

The I………………………………..

of the Na⁺ channels leads to the absolute

R……………………………. period,

during which no action potentials can be generated.

A

Inactivation

Refractory

29
Q

During the R……………………..

refractory period, which follows

the A………………………

refractory period, the membrane is hyperpolarized

because of the

S…………… closure

of K⁺ channels. During this time it is more difficult, but not

impossible, for an action potential

to be G…………………………

A

Relative

Absolute

Slow

Generated

30
Q

M……………………

allows for the rapid transmission of an action potential

down an axon via saltatory conduction.

A

Myelin

31
Q

Ion channels are formed by

T………………………………………..

proteins that create passageways through which ions

can flow.

A

Transmembrane

32
Q

The P…………………………

that make up ion have several levels of structure:

primary (order of the A…………………… A………………….),

secondary (how the amino acid chains coil, as in a

A………………- H…………………), tertiary (folding of coiled

amino acids upon themselves to C……………….

complex three-dimensional structures),

quaternary (combining of T………………….. structures to

create a final structure).

A

Proteins

Amino Acids

Alpha-Helix

Create

Tertiary

33
Q
A