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Maternal Child Nursing (Exam 2) > Antaomy & Physiology or Pregnancy > Flashcards

Antaomy & Physiology or Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Gravide

A

Pregnant Women

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2
Q

Gravidity

A

Pregnancy

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3
Q

Viability

A

Capacity to live outside uterus (22-25 wks gestation or 500g weight)

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4
Q

How many wks is viability obtained?

A

22- 25

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5
Q

How many grams is viability obtained?

A

500 g

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6
Q

Multigravide

A

2 or more pregnancies

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7
Q

Nulligravida

A

Never pregnant

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8
Q

Primigravida

A

Pregnant 1st time

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9
Q

A woman who has never been pregnant is called a

A

Nulligravita

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10
Q

A woman who is 22wks pregnant with her 2nd child (1st child born at term is called a

A

Multipara

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11
Q

A woman pregnant with her 2nd child at 38 wks (1st child born at 38wks) is classified as

A

G2 P2

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12
Q

Children: 4 pregnancies
Born alive 3 (all at term)
Pregnant with 1 now
All pervious living

A

G4 T3 P0 A0 L3

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13
Q

What is parity?

A

of pregnancies that have reached viability.

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14
Q

Twin or toilets only constitute as how many parity?

A

1

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15
Q

Multipara is defined as?

A

completion of 2 or more pregnancies to 20 wks or more

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16
Q

Nullipara

A

No completion of pregnancy to viability

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17
Q

Primipara

A

One pregnancy that has reached viability.

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18
Q

Postdate or postterm

A

> 42 wks gestation

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19
Q

Preterm

A

> 20 wks but <37 wks

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20
Q

Term

A

38-42 wks

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21
Q

GTPAL

A 
1st digit – Total # pregnancies
2nd digit - # term 
3rd digit - # preterm
4th digit - # abortions (spontaneous or elective)
5th digit - # currently living.
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22
Q

What does Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) mark?

A

Pregnancy

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23
Q

What do high levels of hCG usually indicate?

A

Ectopic pregnancy
Abnormal gestation
DS
Multiple gestion

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24
Q

What test detects hCG in urine?

A

OTC pregnancy test

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25
Q

What kind of drugs can sometimes give false + results for pregnancy tests?

A

Anticonvulsant and Tranquilizer

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26
Q

What kind of drugs can sometimes give false - results for pregnancy tests?

A

Diuretics and phenergan

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27
Q

What are presumptive signs of pregnancy perceived by the mother?

A

Amenorrhea
Fatigue
N&V
Breast Changes

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28
Q

What are probable signs of pregnancy noticed by examiner?

A

Hegar sign (softening of lower uterine segment)
Ballotment (Floating the fetal head) - uterine mass could cause
Pregnancy tsts

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29
Q

What are some signs of pregnancy that are only + with the presences of a fetus?

A

Hearing FHT’s
Visualization of fetus – via x-ray or u/s
Palpating fetal movements

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30
Q

What is Leopold’s Maneuvers?

A

Palpation of fetus & utero to determine fetal position and presentation

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31
Q

A presumptive sign of pregnancy would be

A

Nausea and vomiting

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32
Q

When does the Hegar Sign occur?

A

6 wks gestation

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33
Q

What happens to the uterus during pregnancy?

A

Enlarges

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34
Q

When is the uterus palpated above the symphysis pubis?

A

12 - 14 wks

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35
Q

When is the uterus palpated at the umbilicus?

A

22-24

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36
Q

When is the uterus palpated at the xiphoid?

A

Term

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37
Q

When does lightening occur?

A

38-40wks

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38
Q

What is Braxton Hicks Sign?

A

Perceived uterine contractions after 4 months.

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39
Q

What do Braxton Hicks sign do?

A

Facilitate placental blood flow

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40
Q

What does uteroplacental blood flow do?

A

Helps uterus to grow
Helps fetoplacental unit to grow.
Help meet fetal needs.

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41
Q

Decreased perfusion occurs due to what?

A

HTN
IUGR
DM
multiple gestation

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42
Q

What is the goodell sign?

A

Softening of cervical tip

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43
Q

When does the goodell sign appear?

A

occurs at about 6 wks in unscarred cervix.

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44
Q

What happens to friability?

A
  • increases due to increased vascularity. Spotting can occur with vaginal exams or sexual intercourse.
45
Q

What enhances blood flow to the placenta?

A

Braxton Hicks contractions

46
Q

What are two changes related to the presence of the fetus?

A

Ballottement and Quickening

47
Q

What is ballottement?

A

+movement of unengaged fetus palpable between 16-18 wks.

48
Q

What is quickening

A

feeling of fetal movement, can be mistaken for peristalsis or “flutter”.

49
Q

When does quickening usually occur?

A

18=20 wks in nullipara

Around 16wks in multipara

50
Q

What is chadwicks sign?

A

– Increased vascularity = violet-bluish color of vaginal mucosa and cervix.

51
Q

When does the chadwick sign occur

A

6 wks

52
Q

What is leukorrhea?

A

White or gray mucous discharge with faint musty odor.

53
Q

What is operculum (mucus plug)?

A

leukorrhea and acts as cervical barrier against bacteria during pregnancy.

54
Q

What is significant about vaginal mucous?

A

more acidic during pregnancy (pH 3.5-6.0; normal 4.0-7.0). Protects against some pathogens but harbors others.

55
Q

What is significant about pelvic congestion?

A

– increase blood flow, pelvic sensitivity & also cause edema, varicosities of vulva, & hemorrhoids.

56
Q

What happens to the nipples and areola during pregnancy?

A

Become darker

57
Q

What is the role of montgomery’s tubercles?

A

(sebaceous glands around areola) Keep the nipple lubricated for breastfeeding

58
Q

When does progressive breast enlargement occur?

A

2nd and 3rd trimester

59
Q

On negative effect of altered vaginal pH in pregnancy is

A

Susceptibility to vaginal infections

60
Q

Why does slight cardiac hypertrophy occur during pregnancy?

A

Increased blood volume and increased CO

61
Q

What does the rising of the diaphragm do to the heart?

A

Pushes heart up to the left

PMI usually at 4th ICS

62
Q

When can a murmur be heard in the mother during pregnancy?

A

Murmur (Sз) heard after 20 wks.

63
Q

When does the mothers pulse increase?

A

2nd trimester

64
Q

How should a nurse take a maternal blood pressure?

A
  • brachial BP highest sitting, lowest lateral recumbent, intermediate supine.
65
Q

BP is never elevated above normal levels unless ___.

A

PIH (pregnancy induced HTN)

66
Q

What is an intervention a nurse can perform to reduce mother’s BP?

A

Turn on left side

67
Q

What is Supine Hypotensive Syndrome?

A

SBP falls more than 30mm/Hg suddenly.

68
Q

What usually causes Supine Hypotensive Syndrome?

A

Usually from lying on back and compressing vena cava.

69
Q

What does an enlarging fetus rests on iliac veins & inferior vena cava do?

A

increased venous pressure & decreased blood flow to legs.

70
Q

What do the findings of an increased venous pressure & decreased blood flow to legs.

A

These findings contribute to dependent edema of legs, varicosities of legs & vulva, & hemorrhoids.

71
Q

What does the blood volume increase to?

A

1500 mL

72
Q

What does the increased blood volume serve?

A

volume serves to supply uterus & fetus with O2 & provides extra fluid volume at delivery for potential blood losses.

73
Q

When is a pregnant woman considered anemic?

A

If Hgb 11 g/dl or less or Hct drops to 32% or less woman considered truly anemic.

74
Q

What is significant about clotting factors in pregnant women?

A

Clotting factors increase during higher risk for blood clots.

75
Q

What does fibrinolytic activity do during pregnancy?

A

depressed as a protective mechanism – helps prevention of hemorrhage after birth = increases risk of thrombus formation.

76
Q

How much blood is lost during vag delivery?

A

500mL

77
Q

How much blood is lost during c-section?

A

1000mL

78
Q

A cardiac finding that should concern the nurse in a pregnant client is

A

Elevated diastolic BP

79
Q

What happens to the upper respiratory tract due to estrogen?

A

It becomes more vascular.

80
Q

What happens to nasal passages and sinuses?

A
  • become engorged & bleed easily, the voice can change, increases in respiratory tract infections can occur.
81
Q

During late pregnancy is the right or left renal pelvis and ureter more dilated?

A

Right because heavy uterus tilted slightly to right by sigmoid colon

82
Q

The bladder tone decreases and increases bladder capacity up to ______ ml

A

1500

83
Q

What must the kidneys handle?

A

manage increase metabolic and circulatory demands of pregnancy.

84
Q

How can renal function be improved?

A

Renal function improves if lying in lateral recumbent position d/t increased renal perfusion = increased urinary output & decreased edema.

85
Q

What drug should pregnant women avoid?

A

Diuretics

86
Q

What can diuretics cause in pregnant women?

A

risk of hypovolemia & altered tissue perfusion.

87
Q

When is proteinuria normal?

A

not normal until labor begins and/or after birth.

88
Q

What can proteninuria indicate?

A

Proteinuria along with HTN can indicate PIH & ^ risk for adverse outcomes.

89
Q

What causes elevated glycosuria?

A

(2+ or greater) = extreme stress & maternal diabetes.

90
Q

What intervention can a nurse do if glucosiura is 2+ or greater?

A

Dip stick the urine and call Dr.

91
Q

What is linea nigra

A

darkly pigmented line from the symphysis pubis to top of fundus.

92
Q

What should a pregnant woman NOT do to get rid of excess fluid in her legs?

A

Take diuretics

93
Q

What is angiomas (vascular spiders)

A

slightly raised, pulsating end-arterioles usually found on the neck, thorax, face, & arms. Increased estrogen.

94
Q

What is palmar erythema

A

pinkish mottling over palms of hands.

95
Q

What is mild pruritus (pruritus gravidarium)

A
  • itch associated with rash.
96
Q

What is Epulis?

A

red, raised nodule on gums that bleeds easily.

Avoiding trauma to gums & use soft toothbrush.

97
Q

The best technique to manage epulis is…

A

Soft toothbrush

98
Q

What is significant about spinal curvature (lordosis)?

A

increases in late pregnancy - forward shift in center of gravity secondary to large abdomen.

99
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

causes muscle cramps or tetany

100
Q

Morning sickness

A

4-6 wks & usually decreases at 12 wk

101
Q

What is morning sickness caused by?

A

Increased hCG

102
Q

More hCG = what

A

less risk for miscarriage

103
Q

What is pica?

A

food cravings such as clay, is, laundry starch.

104
Q

Is pica harmful?

A

Not normally harmful if woman has adequate nutrition otherwise

105
Q

What is ptyalism?

A

excessive salivation r/t pregnancy
Gums bleed easily
Use soft toothbrush

106
Q

An expected GI finding in the pregnant client is

A

Heartburn

107
Q

What does progesterone do to GI?

A

decreases GI tone & motility - increases pyrosis (heartburn) & constipation.

108
Q

What does oxytocin stimulate?

A

contractions during pregnancy, stimulates let-down or milk ejection reflex in response to infant sucking.
Can be given exogenously.

Maternal Child Nursing (Exam 2) (20 decks)

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