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Phonetics > Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Mechanisms > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system

A

Energy Source; Vital to speech production because without a steady supply of air from the lungs, speech would not occur; involves lungs, trachea, rib cage, thorax, abdomen, diaphragm and other major muscle groups

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2
Q

Laryngeal system

A

Voice System; Consists primarily of the larynx

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3
Q

Supralaryngeal system

A

The Filter; Compromised of the pharynx

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4
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity

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5
Q

Diaphragm

A

Major muscle that separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity

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6
Q

External intercostals

A

Located between the ribs; works with diaphragm to inhale

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7
Q

Internal intercostals

A

Located between ribs and deep to the external intercostals;works with gravity to exhale

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8
Q

Sternum

A

Breast bone

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9
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe

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10
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box; composed mainly of muscle and cartilages, attaches inferiorly to trachea and superiorly to hyoid bone, important in maintaining air pressure in the thoracic cavity during strenuous activities such as giving birth, heavy object lifting and elimination

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11
Q

Hyoid bone

A

“floating” bone; Broad curtain- like ligament attached to the larynx

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12
Q

Vocal folds

A

Vocal chords; elastic folds of tissue primarily composed of muscles, attach anteriorly to thyroid cartilage and posteriorly to arytenoid cartilages

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13
Q

Thyroid catrilage

A

Most anterior cartilage of the larynx to which the vocal folds attach; more sharply angled in males than in females explaining why males have them more prominently

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14
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

Attaches to the superior portion of the cricoid cartilage

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15
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Encircles the larynx; looks somewhat like a class ring

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16
Q

Glottis

A

Space between the vocal folds

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17
Q

Subglottal pressure

A

“air pressure”

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18
Q

Bernoulli’s Effect

A

Aerodynamic principle that occurs when the rapid flow of air through the glottis causes a simultaneous drop in air pressure, resulting in the vocal folds being sucked together

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19
Q

Phonation

A

The vibration of the vocal folds in creation of a vocal sound

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20
Q

Voiced phonemes

A

Sounds produced with vocal fold vibration; /z/, /b/, /r/, /m/, /v/, /l/, /d/, /g/

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21
Q

Voiceless phonemes

A

Sounds produced without vocal fold vibration; /s/, /f/, /p/, /t/, /h/

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22
Q

Abduction

A

In quiet breathing the vocal folds remain apart to allow airflow from the lungs through the glottis to the oral and nasal cavities

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23
Q

Adduction

A

In producing voiced phonemes the vocal folds are brought together

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24
Q

Fundamental Frequency

A

Basic rate of vibration in the vocal folds; during phonation the vocal folds open and close at the rate of 125 times per second in males and 215 times per second in females; responsible for habitual pitch

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25
Q

Habitual Pitch

A

Inherent voice pitch

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26
Q

Epiglottis

A

“Guardian of the airways”; Cartilage of the larynx that diverts food away from the trachea and toward the esophagus to “avoid things going down the wrong pipe”

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27
Q

Monotone

A

“one tone”; rarely changes voice pitch

28
Q

Vocal tract

A

Throat, nasal cavity and the articulators; length of vocal tract to lips is about 17 cm (almost 7 inches) in the average adult male and 14-15 cm in the average adult female

29
Q

Eustachian tubes

A

connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear system on the other side; important in equalizing changes in the air

30
Q

Nares

A

nostrils

31
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Begins at the nostrils and continues to the pharynx, directly inferior to the nasal cavity separated by the palate the oral cavity

32
Q

Oral cavity

A

Mouth; begins at the lips and continues posteriorly to the oropharynx

33
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Portion of the pharynx adjoining the larynx

34
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Adjacent to the posterior portion of the nasal cavity

35
Q

Oropharynx

A

Adjacent to the posterior portion of the oral cavity

36
Q

Articulation

A

Process of the airstream from the lungs and the accompanying acoustic vibrations is directed to the oral and nasal cavities, the vibrations are modified by the speech organs to produce the individual phonemes of language

37
Q

Maxilla

A

Upper jaw

38
Q

Mandible

A

Supports the lower lip; active in speech production

39
Q

Bilabial

A

Phonemes produced with both lips

40
Q

Central incisors

A

Top front teeth

41
Q

Labiodental sounds

A

Phonemes that involve the articulation of the lower lip and teeth

42
Q

Interdental sounds

A

Phonemes that are produced by the tongue and teeth

43
Q

Alveolar ridge

A

Gum ridge of the maxilla: bony ridge containing the sockets of teeth

44
Q

Hard Palate

A

Palate; bony structure located just posterior to the alveolar ridge

45
Q

Palatal sounds

A

Sounds produced in the conjunction with the palate and tongue

46
Q

Velum

A

Soft palate; muscular structure located directly posterior to the hard palate

47
Q

Velar sounds

A

Produced by articulation of the soft palate with the back of the tongue

48
Q

Velopharyngeal Closure

A

The velum acts as a switching mechanism that directs the flow of air coming from the lungs and larynx. When the velum is raised, it contacts the back wall of the pharynx, which closes off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.

49
Q

Glottal sounds

A

Sounds produced when airstream from the lungs is forced through the opening between the vocal folds. ex: /h/

50
Q

Lingual sounds

A

Sounds produced with the tongue

51
Q

Tongue root

A

Arises from the anterior wall of the pharynx and is attached to the mandible

52
Q

Tongue tip

A

Apex; tip of the tongue

53
Q

Tongue blade

A

Lies immediately posterior to the tongue tip

54
Q

Tongue dorsum

A

entire tongue body

55
Q

Resonance

A

Deals with the vibratory properties of a structure

56
Q

Quality

A

The perceptual character of a sound based on its acoustic resonance patterns

57
Q

Timbre

A

sound quality

58
Q

Describe the processes of inhalation and exhalation and the anatomical structures involved in each one.

A

During inhalation, the lungs expand allowing more room for the air molecules to move around – negative pressure. Following exhalation, the lungs have contracted resulting in less room for the air molecules to move around – positive pressure.

59
Q

What is the Bernoulli Effect? What is its importance in the production of speech?

A

Aerodynamic principle that occurs when the rapid flow of air through the glottis causes a simultaneous drop in air pressure, resulting in the vocal folds being sucked together. It is important is understanding air pressure.

60
Q

Define phonation and tell the anatomical structures involved in phonation

A

Phonation is the vibration of the vocal folds in creation of a vocal sound. It involves speech organs in the oral cavity like the larynx and “Adam’s apple”.

61
Q

Which structures comprise the vocal tract?

A

Throat, nasal cavity and the articulators, oral cavity and pharynx

62
Q

What is the pharynx, and what are its three major components?

A

The pharynx directs airflow from the larynx to the oral and nasal cavities. It connects the esophagus and can be divided into three major components: the laryngopharynx, the oropharynx, and nasopharynx

63
Q

What is the larynx, and what are its major cartilaginous components?

A

The larynx is also known as the voice box. It is composed mainly of muscle and cartilages and attaches inferiorly to trachea and superiorly to hyoid bone. Its major cartilaginous components are the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid and epiglottis.

64
Q

What is articulation?

A

Process of the airstream from the lungs and the accompanying acoustic vibrations is directed to the oral and nasal cavities and the vibrations are modified by the speech organs to produce the individual phonemes of language.

65
Q

Of what importance is resonance in the process of speech production?

A

Resonance is important because it deals with the vibratory properties of a structure.

66
Q

What is the difference between an oral and nasal sound?

A

When the velum is raised it blocks airflow through the oral passage which are oral sounds. When the velum is lowered the air flows through the nasal passage.

67
Q

Why does an adult male have a different habitual pitch than an adult female?

A

The fundamental frequency is lower due to the vocal folds vibrating slower. The pitch of the male voice is perceive lower due to the lower fundamental frequency.

Phonetics (3 decks)

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