3.4 Conservation of Biodiversity

Question 1

Conservation efforts are driven by…

Answer 1

Impact of losing biodiversity

Question 2

Kind of arguments given for conservation of biodiversity depends on…

Answer 2

Environmental value systems (EVS)

Question 3

Arguments about conservation can be based on ______ justifications (5)

Answer 3

aesthetic, ecological, economic, social, ethical

Question 4

Examples of inter-governmental organisations

Answer 4

UN, UNEP, EU

Question 5

Examples of non-governmental organisations

Answer 5

WWF, Greenpeace

Question 6

Direct values of biodiversity (2)

Answer 6

Food source
manufacturing of natural products, e.g. wood, cosmetics, fertilisers

Question 7

Indirect values of biodiversity (4)

Answer 7

anthropocentric
- Functions in ecosystem - different plants and animals help in different ways, e.g. CO2 capture, climate regulation, pollination

• Natural pest control by eating pests to reduce the need for chemical pesticides

technocentric
- Ecotourism & recreation

ecocentric
- Native peoples’ human rights
Intrinsic value of species

Question 8

Difference between conservation and preservation

Answer 8

preservation excludes humans from the ecosystem while conservation does not

Question 9

respective EVS of conservation & preservation

Answer 9

preservation - ecocentric
conservation - anthropocentric

Question 10

IGO & GO vs NGO - Use of media

Answer 10

IGO: works with media, communicates via written statements
NGO: Public protests for coverage

Question 11

IGO & GO vs NGO - speed of response

Answer 11

IGO: slow
NGO: can be rapid

Question 12

IGO & GO vs NGO - political diplomatic constraints

Answer 12

IGO: lots - politics drive decisions more than the quality of conservation strategy
NGO: unaffected, can even be illegal

Question 13

IGO & GO vs NGO - enforceability

Answer 13

IGO: can enforce laws and lead to prosecution
NGO: no legal power

Question 14

IGO & GO vs NGO - funds

Answer 14

IGO: national budget
NGO: private donations

Question 15

When was Earth Summmit Rio de Janeiro what was objective

Answer 15

1992 - objecetive: conserve biodiversity in national plans

Question 16

What is CITES what does it stand for

Answer 16

Convention of Internation Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
- regulate trade and prevent exploitation

Question 17

2 approaches to conservation

Answer 17

Species based
Habitat based

Question 18

Species based conservation

Answer 18

• captive breeding & zoos
• botanical gardens - plant zoos, maintain genetic diversity
• Utilisation of flagship species for fund raising
• CITES

Question 19

Habitat based conservation

Answer 19

• Protected Area Design
  
  • large size for reduced edge effect and more habitat & species diversity
  • circular shape for less edge effect
• biological corridors

Question 20

Edge effect (official)

Answer 20

changes in abiotic factors and competition at the boundaries of protected areas

Question 21

What are biological corridors, pros and cons

Answer 21

Areas of habitat connecting protected areas
+ Facilitate migration and reduce geographical barriers
- species reroducing outside of area can act as barrier themselves

Question 22

What is a buffer zone in protected areas

Answer 22

Area surrounding the core restricted area minimizing disturbances from human activities

Question 23

Acronym for debate around design of protected area, what it stands for

Answer 23

SLOSS, Single Large Or Several Small

Question 24

Pros and cons in SLOSS

Answer 24

Single large:
- wide range of species
- min. edge effects
- less competition?
Several small:
- more rare endemic species
- more resistant to disasters as some reserves may be unaffected
- more diff. habitats