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MIMM 324 > 34. Viral Vaccines > Flashcards

34. Viral Vaccines Flashcards

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1
Q

what proportion of vaccines in Canada are against viruses?

A

2/3

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2
Q

what was the first vaccine?

A

Jenner’s smallpox vaccine

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3
Q

what is variolation?

A

liquid from smallpox given to healthy person and they become immune

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4
Q

what vaccine was developed after Jenner’s smallpox vaccine?

A

Pasteur’s rabies vaccine

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5
Q

how did Pasteur develop rabies vaccine?

A

Took rabbits with rabies virus –> dried material from lesions and gave to small child who survived

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6
Q

what type of vaccine did Pasteur discover

A

ATTENUATED

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7
Q

what vaccine was developed after Pasteur’s rabies vaccine?

A

yellow fever virus vaccine

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8
Q

how is yellow fever virus transmitted?

A

transmitted by mosquitos

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9
Q

how was the yellow fever virus vaccine developed?

A

passaged yellow fever in embryonated chicken eggs for >100 passages until less virulent

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10
Q

what type of vaccine is the yellow fever virus vaccine?

A

ATTENUATED

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11
Q

which is the only vaccine with Nobel prize for vaccine research?

A

yellow fever virus vaccine

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12
Q

after yellow fever virus, what vaccine was developed?

A

influenza vaccine

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13
Q

what type of vaccine is the influenza vaccine? how is it produced?

A

INACTIVATED –> grow virus in embryonated hen eggs, isolate, kill virus, vaccinate

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14
Q

successful development of yellow fever, polio, and influenza vaccines all benefit from:

A

successful development of yellow fever, polio, and influenza vaccines all benefit from ex vivo virus cultivation

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15
Q

what was the original poliovirus vaccine/ how was it made?

A

original: INACTIVATED

grow virus –> purify –> isolate virus –> inactivate

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16
Q

what types of poliovirus vaccines have been used?

A

1st: inactivated
2nd: oral attenuated
3rd: inactivated

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17
Q

why was the oral attenuated vaccine discontinued?

A

caused some cases of virus

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18
Q

what vaccine was after poliovirus?

A

MMR

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19
Q

what does MMR stand for?

A

Mumps, Measles, Rabies

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20
Q

what type of vaccine is Hepatitis B vaccine?

A

recombinant subunit vaccine

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21
Q

why was the Hepatitis B vaccine innovative?

A

just used the viral surface protein, not full virus –> therefore, only need parts of the virus as vaccine

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22
Q

what type of vaccine is the HPV vaccine?

A

VLP vaccine

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23
Q

why is the HPV vaccine unable to replicate?

A

just VLP –> no DNA so cannot replicate

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24
Q

what type of vaccine is rotavirus vaccine?

A

bovine-human reassortment

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25
overall, 4 main types of vaccine
1. inactivated 2. protein 3. VLP 4. live attenuated
26
6 main "game-changing" events in vaccinology
1. Jenner's cowpox 2. Pasteur's discovery of attenuation 3. Discovery of antitoxin/toxoids 4. Cultivation of viruses ex vivo 5. Recognition of polysaccharides in antigens that our bodies recognize as non-self 6. Development of subunit vaccine
27
3 ways that vaccines work
1. induce protective immunity 2. establish immune memory 3. prevent disease
28
2 types of vaccine-induced antibodies
1. mucosal IgA 2. serum IgG
29
role of mucosal IgA
protection at mucosal surfaces
30
role of serum IgG
combat systemic infections and protection at mucosal surfaces
31
what is the source of persistent antibody responses?
long-lived plasma cells
32
where are long-lived plasma cells found?
MOST in bone marrow, some in spleen and draining in LN
33
Purpose of memory B cells in vaccine-mediated immunity
act as 2nd line of defense reduces disease severity AFTER infection
34
do memory B cells block infection or maintain serum antibody levels?
NO --> only reduce disease severity
35
role of memory T cells in vaccine-mediated protection
REDUCE or ELIMINATE virus replication after infection
36
do memory T cells directly block infection
no, just reduce replication AFTER infection
37
why can memory T cells be bad in some cases?
HIV may infect T cells so virus cannot be recognized
38
how do Ab levels change after each vaccine?
1st dose: increases, then declines 2nd dose: increases even higher but declines 3rd dose: increases even more, then declines a bit
39
what is immune imprinting?
impact of viral infection or vaccination on FUTURE patterns of Ab responses when re-exposed to distinct variants of the original antigen
40
another name for immune imprinting
original antigenic sin
41
result of immune imprinting
upon infection with antigen that is a variant of previous antigen, immune system will re-activate original Ab but won't be able to target this new variant
42
effect of immune imprinting on COVID
COVID continues to evolve so if someone keeps receiving the same vaccine, will make pools of Ab that are effective against the original virus only
43
how to overcome immune imprinting?
trick immune system to recognize new variant with multiple doses
44
what is antibody-dependent enhancement? what virus does this occur with?
1st DENV infection: mild symptoms 2nd DENV infection: severe, fatal symptoms
45
how does antibody-dependent enhancement work?
existing Ab bind virus and help it infect macrophages (DENV target) to enhance infection
46
2 broad ways to make a vaccine
1. use pathogen (inactivated or attenuated) 2. special design
47
benefit and downside of attenuated and inactivated virus vaccine
benefit: high protection efficacy downside: high risk
48
2 benefits of subunit vaccine
low immunogenicity and low risk
49
how can we enhance immunogenicity in subunit vaccines?
formulation with ADJUVANT
50
what is the role of adjuvants?
protect immunogens from degradation in vivo and enhance targeting to DCs for stronger immune response
51
4 licensed adjuvants and vaccines they are in
1. Aluminum OH (HBV, tetanus) 2. MF59 (influenza) 3. AS04 (GSK HPV) 4. Toxoids (Haemophilus influenza type b)
52
what is MF59?
squalene droplets combined with 2 surfactants
53
what is AS04?
aluminum and bacterial lipid
54
3 criteria for successful vaccine?
1. safety 2. protective efficacy 3. cost
55
before COVID, how long did it take to develop vaccine?
10-15 years
56
what is the estimated cost for developing vaccines?
$500-800 million
57
why is high vaccine coverage required (3)?
1. acquire herd immunity 2. reduce transmission 3. protect vulnerable populations
58
are most vaccines prophylactic or therapeutic?
prophylactic
59
can vaccines be therapeutic rather than prophylactic?
some are therapeutic, given as post-exposure prophylaxis
60
rabies vaccine as pre-exposure prophylaxis
3 doses given to ppl at high risk for contracting rabies
61
rabies vaccine as post-exposure prophylaxis
5 doses given to ppl exposed to suspected or confirmed rabid animals given with rabies immunoglobulin
62
3 human pathogenic viruses without vaccines
1. HSV 2. HIV 3. HCV
63
7 methods for HIV vaccine
1. whole inactivated 2. live attenuated 3. synthetic peptides 4. recombinant subunit 5. DNA 6. recombinant bacterial vectors 7. recombinant viral vectors
64
3 barriers towards successful HIV vaccines
1. high diversity of HIV subtypes and strains 2. undefined correlates of protective immunity --> i.e. don't know what will help protect 3. lack of reliable animal model to test vaccine candidates
65
3 criteria for effective HIV vaccine
1. induce broadly neutralizing Ab 2. induce cytotoxic T cell response in most ppl 3. induce strong mucosal immune responses
66
4 types of COVID vaccines
1. mRNA 2. AAV 3. Subunit 4. Inactivated virus vaccine

MIMM 324 (37 decks)

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