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Question 1

social cognition

Answer 1

ways in which individuals process, organize, structure, and retrieve info to make sense of themselves, others, and situations

Question 2

priming

Answer 2

awakening/activating certain associations in our cognition

Question 3

embodied cognition

Answer 3

bodily sensations can influence social processing (a type of priming ie., smelling something fishy)

Question 4

intuition

Answer 4

immediately knowing something without reasoning or analysis

Question 5

intuition is often

Answer 5

illusory: perceptual misinterpretations, fantasies, and constructed beliefs

Question 6

overconfidence

Answer 6

tendency to over-estimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs of past, current, and future knowledge

Question 7

ignorance of incompetence occurs with what type of tasks

Answer 7

seemingly easier tasks because harder tasks may stimulate the individual to acknowledge their lack of skill

Question 8

confirmation bias

Answer 8

pattern in which we search for more confirming than disconfirming information (system 1 process)

Question 9

self-verification process

Answer 9

seeking out, eliciting, and recalling events and people that confirm a sense of self (applies to negative images of self too)

Question 10

heuristics

Answer 10

mental shortcuts used to decrease processing time (system 1)

Question 11

representative heuristic

Answer 11

we decide that something belongs into a category baed on how much we believe that object/person is close to what we believe is typical for that category

Question 12

schemas

Answer 12

form/basic sketch of what we know about people/things

Question 13

in employing schemas, they serve as a

Answer 13

prototype which represents the typical or quintessential instance of a class or group

Question 14

person shemas

Answer 14

cognitive structures that describe the PERSONALITIES of others

Question 15

role schemas

Answer 15

indicate which attributes/behaviors are typical of persons occupying a particular role in a group

Question 16

group schema

Answer 16

aka stereotypes are schemas regarding the members of a particular social group or social category

Question 17

egocentric bias

Answer 17

people adopt others’ perspectives by initially anchoring on their own perspective and only subsequently and effortfully accounting for diff between themselves and others until a plausible estimate is reached

Question 18

simulation heuristic

Answer 18

assigning a probability to events that can easily be imagined to occur bc they fit the sequence of a routine script (event schema)

Question 19

counterfactual thinking

Answer 19

not really error in cognition but still described in this area - involves simulating what might have been (vs simulation heur which is how easily a specific event is likely to occur)

Question 20

attribution

Answer 20

how we explain people’s behavior and what we infer from it

Question 21

spontaneous trait inference

Answer 21

automatic inference of a trait (internal attribution) after exposure to someone’s behavior

Question 22

fundamental attribution error

Answer 22

tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influence (aka correspondence bias)

Question 23

actor-observer bias

Answer 23

exception to the fundamental attribution error, in that with our own behaviors, we tend to apply more situational influences rather than dispositional

Question 24

self-serving bias

Answer 24

we tend to take credit for successes but do not accept blame for failures (can lead to actor observer bias specifically for our negative behaviors)

Question 25

false consensus effect

Answer 25

false assumption that other people share our values, perceptions, and beliefs (ie., students think probably everyone uses adderral)

Question 26

false uniqueness bias

Answer 26

tendency to assume that we are unique along positive traits ("above average")

Question 27

belief perserverance

Answer 27

people tend to maintain their initial ideas/beliefs despite exposure to disconfirming evidence

Question 28

self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 28

form expectations about others, which influence how we behave towards them, which causes a reaction that confirms our initial belief about them

Question 29

pygmalion effect

Answer 29

telling teachers randomly that selected students were on an IQ spur did show increases in IQ because of increased attention to those students (higher expectations for those students)

Question 30

retrospective bias

Answer 30

beliefs may seem more stable than they really are and denial of any change of attitude

Question 31

rosy retrospection

Answer 31

minimize unpleasant/boring aspects of an experience and only remember the good times (memories can be primed by current experiences ie., reading about dental hygiene may make you think you engage in hygiene more often than actually)