Bones and Skeletal Tissue

Question 0

Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 0

Looks like frosted glass when freshly exposed, provides support with flexibility and resilience. Most abundant skeletal cartilage. Hyaline Cartilage include: articular, costal, respiratory and nasal cartilage.

Question 1

Skeletal Cartilage

Answer 1

made of some variety of cartilage tissue molded to fit its body location and function.

Question 2

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 2

resembles hyaline cartilage but they contain more stretchy elastic fibers and are able to stand up to repeated bending. it’s found in only two skeletal locations: the external ear and the epiglottis (the flap that bends to cover the opening of the larynx each time we swallow.

Question 3

Fibrocartilage

Answer 3

Highly compressible with great tensile strength. found in places that are subjected to both pressure and stretch, such as the knee, and the discs between the vertebrae.

Question 4

Appositional growth

Answer 4

Growth accomplished by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed.

Question 5

Interstitial Growth

Answer 5

the lacunae bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.

Question 6

Axial Skeleton

Answer 6

forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of tghe skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Question 7

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 7

consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

Question 8

Long Bones

Answer 8

Considerably longer than they are wide. a long bone has a shaft plus tow ends which are often expanded. All limb bones except the patella and the wrist and ankle bones are long bones.

Question 9

Short Bones

Answer 9

are roughly cubed shaped. the bones of the wrist and ankles are examples. They vary in size and number in different individuals.

Question 10

Flat Bones

Answer 10

Are thin, flattened and usually a bit curved. The sternum, scapulae, ribs and most skull bones are flat bones

Question 11

Irregular bones

Answer 11

Have complicated shapes that fit none of the preceding classes. examples include the vertebrae and the hip bones.

Question 12

Functions of bones

Answer 12

Support, protection, movement, mineral & growth factor storage, blood cell formation (hematopoiesis), triglyceride (fat) storage and Hormone production.

Question 13

Red Bone Marrow

Answer 13

typically found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the dipole of flat bones. in infants the diaphysis and all areas of spongy bone contain red bone marrow. In most adult long bones, the fat containing medullary cavity extends well into the epiphysis and little red marrow is present in the spongy bone cavities. red blood cell production in adult long bones occurs only in the heads of the femur and humerus.

Question 14

Yellow Bone Marrow

Answer 14

in Aduls the medullary cavity contains fat (yellow marrow).

Question 15

Articular Cartilage

Answer 15

Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at moveable joints

Question 16

Periosteum

Answer 16

double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.

Question 17

endosteum

Answer 17

connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces.

Question 18

Compact Bone

Answer 18

smooth and solid

Question 19

Spongy bone

Answer 19

looks like a honeycomb

Question 20

Chemical composition of bone: Organic

Answer 20

includes bone cells and osteoids which are unmineralized bone matrix.

Question 21

Chemical composition of bone: Inorganic components

Answer 21

Mineral Salts

Question 22

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 22

Embryonic formation of bone by the replacement of calcified cartilage; most skeletal bones are formed by this process.

1. a bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model.
2. Cartilage is the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities.
3. the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms.
4. the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms.
5. the epiphyses ossify

Question 23

Osteoblasts

Answer 23

are bone-forming cells that secrete the bone matrix. They are actively mitotic. Responsible for BONE GROWTH!!

Question 24

Osteocytes

Answer 24

Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix. also act as stress or strain sensors and respond to mechanical stimuli (bone loading, bone deformation, weightlessness)

Question 25

Osteoclasts

Answer 25

Bone-resorbing Cell.

Question 26

fracture repair steps

Answer 26

1. hematoma forms (Mass of clotted blood)
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. Bony callus forms
4. Bone remodeling occurs

Question 27

Osteoporosis

Answer 27

Decreased density and strength of bone resulting from a gradual decrease in rate of bone formation.

Question 28

Osteomalacia

Answer 28

Disorder in which bones are inadequately mineralized; soft bones.

Question 29

Pagets Disease

Answer 29

Disorder characterized by excessive bones breakdown and abnormal bone formation.

Question 30

The lining of the marrow cavity

Answer 30

endosteum

Question 31

cells that can dissolve the bony matrix

Answer 31

osteoclasts

Question 32

small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone

Answer 32

canaliculi

Question 33

Cells that can build bony matrix

Answer 33

osteoblasts

Question 34

layers of bone matrix

Answer 34

lamellae

Question 35

the __________ is where longitudinal bone growth takes place during early childhood.

Answer 35

epiphyseal plate

Question 36

The phalanges are considered part of the ________ skeleton

Answer 36

appendicular

Question 37

__________are found in lacunae and serve as to monitor mineralized bone.

Answer 37

osteocyets

Question 38

the ends of the long bone are called the _________

Answer 38

epiphysis

Question 39

spongy bone is made up of small, flat pieces of bone called ________

Answer 39

trabeculae

Question 40

_________ cartilage is found at the end of most bones

Answer 40

hyaline

Question 41

Osteoblasts secrete an unmineralized bone matrix called _________

Answer 41

osteoids

Question 42

The principal component of bone that contributes to its hardness is ____

Answer 42

hydroxyapatite