Chapter 19: Brain Rhythms and Sleep

Question 1

The method of choice to study sleep is?

Answer 1

EEG Electroencephalography

Question 2

For the most part an EEG measures voltages generated by what ?

Answer 2

By currents that flow during synaptic excitation of the dendrites of many pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex whih lies under the skull and makes up 80% of the brain mass

Question 3

The amplitude of the EEG signal stringly depends of how….?

Answer 3

synchronous the activity of the underlying neuron is.

Question 4

In what is MEG much better than EEG?

Answer 4

Detecting the source of neural activity in the brain expecially if deep below the surface.

Question 5

The EEG rythms are categorized by their frequency range… beta rythms are?

Answer 5

fastest, anything greater than 14Hz and it signals an activated Cortex.

Question 6

The EEG rythms are categorized by their frequency range…Alpha rythms are?

Answer 6

About 8-13 Hz and are associated with quiet, waking states.

Question 7

The EEG rythms are categorized by their frequency range…Theta rhythms are?

Answer 7

4-7 Hz and occur during some sleep states.

Question 8

The EEG rythms are categorized by their frequency range…Delta rhythms are?

Answer 8

Quite slow less than 4 Hz, often large in amplitude and are a hallmark of deep sleep.

Question 9

In general high-frequency, low-amplitude rhythms are associated with….?

Answer 9

alertness and waking or the dreaming stages of sleep.

Question 10

Low-frequency, high amplitude rhythms are associated with?

Answer 10

nondreaming sleep states or the pathological states of coma.

Question 11

If the cortex is actively engaged in processing information > explain th steps that lead to what typ of EEG.

Answer 11

Activity level of cortical neurons is high but unsynchronized leading to low synchrony leading to low EEG amplitude and beta rhythms dominate,

Question 12

Name the two mechanisms of synchronous behavior.

Answer 12

led by a pacemaker

arise from the collective behavior of all participants

Question 13

Which brain area can function as a powerful pacemaker to the cortex.

Answer 13

The Thalamus

Question 14

What is a generalized seizure?

Answer 14

It involves the entire cerebral cortex of both hemisspheres

Question 15

What is a partail seizure?

Answer 15

It involves only a circumsribed are of the cortex.

Question 16

What is the characteristic of a seizure?

Answer 16

Neuron of affected areas fire with a synchrony that never occurs during normal behavior. Seizures are accompanied by very large EEG patterns.

Question 17

Drugs tha block GABA receptors are very potent convulsants which means…?

Answer 17

They are are seizure-promoting agents

Question 18

What happens during REM-Sleep?

Answer 18

EEG looks more awake than asleep and vivid dreaming

Question 19

What does Dement call non-rem-sleep ?

Answer 19

An idling brain in a movable body

Question 20

What does Dement call rem-sleep?

Answer 20

An active, hallucinating brain in a paralyzed body

Question 21

What happens to skeletal muscle during rem-sleep?

Answer 21

atonia / total loss of skeletal muscle

Question 22

Name one example for ultraradian rhythms.

Answer 22

The 90 Minute cycle of non-rem rem non-rem sleep.

Question 23

What happens after the K complex during Stage 2 of the sleep cycle?

Answer 23

Eye movements almost cease.

Question 24

Each rem-sleep is followed by at least how many minutes of non-rem-sleep?

Answer 24

30 Minutes

Question 25

The most reasonable theories about sleep fall into two general categories which are?

Answer 25

Restoration and Adaptation

Question 26

Walking talking and screaming occur during which kind of sleep?

Answer 26

During non-rem-sleep.

Question 27

What is somniloquy?

Answer 27

Sleep talking

Question 28

How do sleep terrors differ from nightmares?

Answer 28

Sleep terrors happen during non-rem sleep nightmare happen during rem-sleep

Question 29

What is rem rebound?

Answer 29

If a person is deprived from rem-sleep the person will have proportional higher rem-sleep when undisturbed

Question 30

What is the activation-synthesis-hypothesis?

Answer 30

Dreams are seen as the associations and memories of the cerebral cortex that are elicited by the random discharges of the pons during rem-sleep.
Pontine neurons via the thalamus activate various areas of the cerebral cortex elicit well-known images or emotions, and the cortex then tries to synthesize the images into a whole

Question 31

What is REM-sleep behavior disorder?

Answer 31

Dreamers who act out their dreams.

Question 32

What are zeitgebers?

Answer 32

Envrionmental time cues such as light/dark temperature and humidity.

Question 33

Mammals have a tiny pair of neuron clusters in the hypothalamus that serves a a biological clock..which is called?

Answer 33

The Suprachiasmatic nuclei SCN

Question 34

When a person experiences repeated seizures, the condition is know as…?

Answer 34

epilepsy

Question 35

The neurons most critical to the control of sleeping and waking are part ….

Answer 35

of the diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter system.

Question 36

Sleep involves activity in descending branches of the diffuse modulatory system, such as….

Answer 36

the inhibition of motor neurons during dreaming

Question 37

Which system controls the rhythmic behaviors of the thalamus, which in turn controls many EEG rhythms of th ecerebral cortex?

Answer 37

The diffuse modulatory system

Question 38

Slow sleep related rhythms of the thalamus apparently block…?

Answer 38

the flow of sensory information up into the cortex

Question 39

The brain stem modulatory neurons fire during waking and enhance the awake state. Which neurotransmitters are being used here?

Answer 39

Norepinephrine and serotonin